Tcmalloc/jemalloc 和内存池之间的区别是什么(以及选择 tcmalloc/jemalloc 和内存池的原因是什么) ？

Tcmalloc/jemalloc 是改进的内存分配器，为了更好地分配内存，还引入了内存池。那么它们之间有什么区别，以及如何在我的应用程序中选择它们？

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It depends upon requirement of your program. If your program has more dynamic memory allocations, then you need to choose a memory allocator, from available allocators, which would generate most optimal performance out of your program.

For good memory management you need to meet the following requirements at minimum:

  1. Check if your system has enough memory to process data.
  2. Are you albe to allocate from the available memory ?
  3. Returning the used memory / deallocated memory to the pool (program or operating system)

The ability of a good memory manager can be tested on basis of (at the bare minimum) its efficiency in retriving / allocating and returning / dellaocating memory. (There are many more conditions like cache locality, managing overhead, VM environments, small or large environments, threaded environment etc..)

With respect to tcmalloc and jemalloc there are many people who have done comparisions. With reference to one of the comparisions:

http://ithare.com/testing-memory-allocators-ptmalloc2-tcmalloc-hoard-jemalloc-while-trying-to-simulate-real-world-loads/

tcmalloc scores over all other in terms of CPU cycles per allocation if the number of threads are less. jemalloc is very close to tcmalloc but better than ptmalloc (std glibc implementation).

In terms of memory overhead jemalloc is the best, seconded by ptmalloc, followed by tcmalloc.

Overall it can be said that jemalloc scores over others. You can also read more about jemalloc here:

https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/scalable-memory-allocation-using-jemalloc/480222803919

I have just quoted from tests done and published by other people and have not tested it myself. I hope this could be a good starting point for you and use it to test and select the most optimal for your application.

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Summary from this doc

  • Tcmalloc

    tcmalloc is a memory management library open sourced by Google as an alternative to glibc malloc. It has been used in well-known software such as chrome and safari. According to the official test report, ptmalloc takes about 300 nanoseconds to execute malloc and free on a 2.8GHz P4 machine (for small objects). The TCMalloc version takes about 50 nanoseconds for the same operation.

    • Small object allocation
      • tcmalloc allocates a thread-local ThreadCache for each thread. Small memory is allocated from ThreadCache. In addition, there is a central heap (CentralCache). When ThreadCache is not enough, it will get space from CentralCache and put it in ThreadCache.
      • Small objects (<=32K) are allocated from ThreadCache, and large objects are allocated from CentralCache. The space allocated by large objects is aligned with 4k pages, and multiple pages can also be cut into multiple small objects and divided into ThreadCache
    • CentralCache allocation management
      • Large objects (>32K) are first aligned with 4k and then allocated from CentralCache.
      • When there is no free space in the page linked list of the best fit, the page space is always larger. If all 256 linked lists are traversed, the allocation is still not successful. Use sbrk, mmap,/dev/mem to allocate from the system.
      • The contiguous pages managed by tcmalloc PageHeap are called span. If span is not allocated, span is a linked list element in PageHeap.
    • Recycle
      • When an object is free, the page number is calculated according to the address alignment, and then the corresponding span is found through the central array.
      • If it is a small object, span will tell us its size class, and then insert the object into the ThreadCache of the current thread. If ThreadCache exceeds a budget value (default 2MB) at this time, the garbage collection mechanism will be used to move unused objects from ThreadCache to CentralCache's central free lists.
      • If it is a large object, span will tell us the page number range where the object is locked. Assuming that this range is [p,q], first search for the span where pages p-1 and q+1 are located. If these adjacent spans are also free, merge them into the span where [p,q] is located, and then recycle this span To PageHeap.
      • CentralCache的中央空闲列表类似于ThreadCache的Freelist，但它添加了一级结构。 enter image description here

  • Jemalloc

    jemalloc was launched by facebook, and it was first implemented by freebsd's libc malloc. At present, it is widely used in various components of firefox and facebook server.

    • memory management
      • Similar to tcmalloc, each thread also uses thread-local cache without lock when it is less than 32KB.
      • Jemalloc uses the following size-class classifications on 64bits systems: Small: [8], [16, 32, 48, …, 128], [192, 256, 320, …, 512], [768, 1024, 1280, …, 3840] Large: [4 KiB, 8 KiB, 12 KiB, …, 4072 KiB] Huge: [4 MiB, 8 MiB, 12 MiB, …]
      • Small/large objects need constant time to find metadata, and huge objects are searched in logarithmic time through the global red-black tree.
      • The virtual memory is logically divided into chunks (the default is 4MB, 1024 4k pages), and the application thread allocates arenas at the first malloc through the round-robin algorithm. Each arena is independent of each other and maintains its own chunks. Chunk cuts pages into small/large objects. The memory of free() is always returned to the arena to which it belongs, regardless of which thread calls free(). enter image description here

  • Compare

    • The biggest advantage of jemalloc is its powerful multi-core/multi-thread allocation capability. The more cores the CPU has, the more program threads, and the faster jemalloc allocates
    • When allocating a lot of small memory, the space for recording meta data of jemalloc will be slightly more than tcmalloc.
    • When allocating large memory allocations, there will also be less memory fragmentation than tcmalloc.
    • Jemalloc classifies memory allocation granularity more finely, it leads to less lock contention than ptmalloc.

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