如何找出我的控制台应用程序运行在哪个目录中？

On windows (not sure about Unix etc.) it is the first argument in commandline.

In C/C++ firts item in argv*

WinAPI - GetModuleFileName(NULL, char*, MAX_PATH)

To get the directory where the .exe file is:

AppDomain.CurrentDomain.BaseDirectory

To get the current directory:

Environment.CurrentDirectory

In .NET, you can use System.Environment.CurrentDirectory to get the directory from which the process was started.
System.Reflection.Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location will tell you the location of the currently executing assembly (that's only interesting if the currently executing assembly is loaded from somewhere different than the location of the assembly where the process started).

Depending on the rights granted to your application, whether shadow copying is in effect or not and other invocation and deployment options, different methods may work or yield different results so you will have to choose your weapon wisely. Having said that, all of the following will yield the same result for a fully-trusted console application that is executed locally at the machine where it resides:

Console.WriteLine( Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().Location );
Console.WriteLine( new Uri(Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().CodeBase).LocalPath );
Console.WriteLine( Environment.GetCommandLineArgs()[0] );
Console.WriteLine( Process.GetCurrentProcess().MainModule.FileName );

You will need to consult the documentation of the above members to see the exact permissions needed.

Application.StartUpPath;

Path.GetDirectoryName(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location)

Let's say your .Net core console application project name is DataPrep.

Get Project Base Directory:

Console.WriteLine(Environment.CurrentDirectory);

Output: ~DataPrep\bin\Debug\netcoreapp2.2

Get Project .csproj file directory:
string ProjectDirPath = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, @"..\..\..\"));
Console.WriteLine(ProjectDirPath);

Output: ~DataPrep\

Use AppContext.BaseDirectory for .net5.