在python中联接列表的列表

是一个简短的语法连接列表列表到一个单一的列表(或迭代器)在python?

例如,我有一个列表,如下所示,我想迭代a,b和c。

x = [["a","b"], ["c"]]

我能想到的最好的是如下。

result = []
[ result.extend(el) for el in x]


for el in result:
print el
607994 次浏览

这就是所谓的扁平化,有很多实现。

这个怎么样,尽管它只适用于1级深嵌套:

>>> x = [["a","b"], ["c"]]
>>> for el in sum(x, []):
...     print el
...
a
b
c

从这些链接中,显然最完整的-fast-elegant-etc实现如下:

def flatten(l, ltypes=(list, tuple)):
ltype = type(l)
l = list(l)
i = 0
while i < len(l):
while isinstance(l[i], ltypes):
if not l[i]:
l.pop(i)
i -= 1
break
else:
l[i:i + 1] = l[i]
i += 1
return ltype(l)

你所描述的被称为压扁列表,有了这个新知识,你将能够在谷歌上找到许多解决方案(没有内置的flatten方法)。下面是其中一个,来自http://www.daniel-lemire.com/blog/archives/2006/05/10/flattening-lists-in-python/:

def flatten(x):
flat = True
ans = []
for i in x:
if ( i.__class__ is list):
ans = flatten(i)
else:
ans.append(i)
return ans
import itertools
a = [['a','b'], ['c']]
print(list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(a)))

遗憾的是,Python没有一个简单的方法来平展列表。试试这个:

def flatten(some_list):
for element in some_list:
if type(element) in (tuple, list):
for item in flatten(element):
yield item
else:
yield element

它将递归地将列表平展;你可以这样做

result = []
[ result.extend(el) for el in x]


for el in flatten(result):
print el
x = [["a","b"], ["c"]]


result = sum(x, [])

总是有reduce(不推荐使用functools):

>>> x = [ [ 'a', 'b'], ['c'] ]
>>> for el in reduce(lambda a,b: a+b, x, []):
...  print el
...
__main__:1: DeprecationWarning: reduce() not supported in 3.x; use functools.reduce()
a
b
c
>>> import functools
>>> for el in functools.reduce(lambda a,b: a+b, x, []):
...   print el
...
a
b
c
>>>

不幸的是,用于列表连接的加号操作符不能用作函数——或者幸运的是,如果为了提高可见性,您希望lambdas变得更丑一些。

如果你只深入一层,一个嵌套的理解也可以:

>>> x = [["a","b"], ["c"]]
>>> [inner
...     for outer in x
...         for inner in outer]
['a', 'b', 'c']

在一行上,它变成:

>>> [j for i in x for j in i]
['a', 'b', 'c']

对于无限嵌套的元素,这是递归工作的:

def iterFlatten(root):
if isinstance(root, (list, tuple)):
for element in root:
for e in iterFlatten(element):
yield e
else:
yield root

结果:

>>> b = [["a", ("b", "c")], "d"]
>>> list(iterFlatten(b))
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

或者递归操作:

def flatten(input):
ret = []
if not isinstance(input, (list, tuple)):
return [input]
for i in input:
if isinstance(i, (list, tuple)):
ret.extend(flatten(i))
else:
ret.append(i)
return ret
flat_list = []
map(flat_list.extend, list_of_lists)

最短!

来晚了,但是…

我是python的新手,有lisp的背景。这是我想出的(检查lulz的var名称):

def flatten(lst):
if lst:
car,*cdr=lst
if isinstance(car,(list,tuple)):
if cdr: return flatten(car) + flatten(cdr)
return flatten(car)
if cdr: return [car] + flatten(cdr)
return [car]

似乎有用。测试:

flatten((1,2,3,(4,5,6,(7,8,(((1,2)))))))

返回:

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 2]

对于一级扁平化,如果你关心速度,在我尝试过的所有条件下,这比之前的任何答案都快。(也就是说,如果您需要结果作为列表。如果你只需要在运行中迭代它,那么链的例子可能更好。)它的工作原理是预先分配一个最终大小的列表,并按片复制部分(这是一种比任何迭代器方法都低级别的块复制):

def join(a):
"""Joins a sequence of sequences into a single sequence.  (One-level flattening.)
E.g., join([(1,2,3), [4, 5], [6, (7, 8, 9), 10]]) = [1,2,3,4,5,6,(7,8,9),10]
This is very efficient, especially when the subsequences are long.
"""
n = sum([len(b) for b in a])
l = [None]*n
i = 0
for b in a:
j = i+len(b)
l[i:j] = b
i = j
return l

带注释的排序时间列表:

[(0.5391559600830078, 'flatten4b'), # join() above.
(0.5400412082672119, 'flatten4c'), # Same, with sum(len(b) for b in a)
(0.5419249534606934, 'flatten4a'), # Similar, using zip()
(0.7351131439208984, 'flatten1b'), # list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(a))
(0.7472689151763916, 'flatten1'), # list(itertools.chain(*a))
(1.5468521118164062, 'flatten3'), # [i for j in a for i in j]
(26.696547985076904, 'flatten2')] # sum(a, [])

如果你需要一个列表,而不是一个生成器,使用list():

from itertools import chain
x = [["a","b"], ["c"]]
y = list(chain(*x))

当我必须创建一个包含数组元素及其计数的字典时,我遇到了类似的问题。答案是相关的,因为我把一个列表的列表,得到我需要的元素,然后做一个组和计数。我使用Python的map函数来生成一个element的元组,它是数组上的count和groupby。注意,groupby将数组元素本身作为keyfunc。作为一个相对较新的Python程序员,我发现它对我来说更容易理解,同时也是Python的。

在我讨论代码之前,这里有一个我必须首先平化的数据示例:

{ "_id" : ObjectId("4fe3a90783157d765d000011"), "status" : [ "opencalais" ],
"content_length" : 688, "open_calais_extract" : { "entities" : [
{"type" :"Person","name" : "Iman Samdura","rel_score" : 0.223 },
{"type" : "Company",  "name" : "Associated Press",    "rel_score" : 0.321 },
{"type" : "Country",  "name" : "Indonesia",   "rel_score" : 0.321 }, ... ]},
"title" : "Indonesia Police Arrest Bali Bomb Planner", "time" : "06:42  ET",
"filename" : "021121bn.01", "month" : "November", "utctime" : 1037836800,
"date" : "November 21, 2002", "news_type" : "bn", "day" : "21" }

是来自Mongo的查询结果。下面的代码将这样的列表集合平铺开来。

def flatten_list(items):
return sorted([entity['name'] for entity in [entities for sublist in
[item['open_calais_extract']['entities'] for item in items]
for entities in sublist])

首先,我将提取所有的“实体”集合,然后对于每个实体集合,遍历字典并提取name属性。

性能比较:

import itertools
import timeit
big_list = [[0]*1000 for i in range(1000)]
timeit.repeat(lambda: list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(big_list)), number=100)
timeit.repeat(lambda: list(itertools.chain(*big_list)), number=100)
timeit.repeat(lambda: (lambda b: map(b.extend, big_list))([]), number=100)
timeit.repeat(lambda: [el for list_ in big_list for el in list_], number=100)
[100*x for x in timeit.repeat(lambda: sum(big_list, []), number=1)]

生产:

>>> import itertools
>>> import timeit
>>> big_list = [[0]*1000 for i in range(1000)]
>>> timeit.repeat(lambda: list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(big_list)), number=100)
[3.016212113769325, 3.0148865239060227, 3.0126415732791028]
>>> timeit.repeat(lambda: list(itertools.chain(*big_list)), number=100)
[3.019953987082083, 3.528754223385439, 3.02181439266457]
>>> timeit.repeat(lambda: (lambda b: map(b.extend, big_list))([]), number=100)
[1.812084445152557, 1.7702404451095965, 1.7722977998725362]
>>> timeit.repeat(lambda: [el for list_ in big_list for el in list_], number=100)
[5.409658160700605, 5.477502077679354, 5.444318360412744]
>>> [100*x for x in timeit.repeat(lambda: sum(big_list, []), number=1)]
[399.27587954973444, 400.9240571138051, 403.7521153804846]

这是在Windows XP 32位上使用Python 2.7.1,但上面评论中的@temoto让from_iterablemap+extend更快,所以它相当依赖于平台和输入。

远离sum(big_list, [])