Bash 脚本中 ${0%/* }的含义是什么？

It is called Parameter Expansion. Take a look at this page and the rest of the site.

What ${0%/*} does is, it expands the value contained within the argument 0 (which is the path that called the script) after removing the string /* suffix from the end of it.

So, $0 is the same as ${0} which is like any other argument, eg. $1 which you can write as ${1}. As I said $0 is special, as it's not a real argument, it's always there and represents name of script. Parameter Expansion works within the { } -- curly braces, and % is one type of Parameter Expansion.

%/* matches the last occurrence of / and removes anything (* means anything) after that character. Take a look at this simple example:

$ var="foo/bar/baz"
$ echo "$var"
foo/bar/baz
$ echo "${var}"
foo/bar/baz
$ echo "${var%/*}"
foo/bar