内置命令。TypeError:必须是str，而不是bytes

我已经将我的脚本从Python 2.7转换到3.2，我有一个错误。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import time
from datetime import date
from lxml import etree
from collections import OrderedDict


# Create the root element
page = etree.Element('results')


# Make a new document tree
doc = etree.ElementTree(page)


# Add the subelements
pageElement = etree.SubElement(page, 'Country',Tim = 'Now',
name='Germany', AnotherParameter = 'Bye',
Code='DE',
Storage='Basic')
pageElement = etree.SubElement(page, 'City',
name='Germany',
Code='PZ',
Storage='Basic',AnotherParameter = 'Hello')
# For multiple multiple attributes, use as shown above


# Save to XML file
outFile = open('output.xml', 'w')
doc.write(outFile)

在最后一行，我得到了这个错误:

builtins.TypeError: must be str, not bytes
File "C:\PythonExamples\XmlReportGeneratorExample.py", line 29, in <module>
doc.write(outFile)
File "c:\Python32\Lib\site-packages\lxml\etree.pyd", line 1853, in lxml.etree._ElementTree.write (src/lxml/lxml.etree.c:44355)
File "c:\Python32\Lib\site-packages\lxml\etree.pyd", line 478, in lxml.etree._tofilelike (src/lxml/lxml.etree.c:90649)
File "c:\Python32\Lib\site-packages\lxml\etree.pyd", line 282, in lxml.etree._ExceptionContext._raise_if_stored (src/lxml/lxml.etree.c:7972)
File "c:\Python32\Lib\site-packages\lxml\etree.pyd", line 378, in lxml.etree._FilelikeWriter.write (src/lxml/lxml.etree.c:89527)

我已经安装了Python 3.2，并安装了lxml-2.3.win32-py3.2.exe。

在Python 2.7上它可以工作。

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小开

最佳答案

输出文件应该是二进制模式。

outFile = open('output.xml', 'wb')

小开

转换二进制文件到base64 &亦然。在python 3.5.2中证明

import base64


read_file = open('/tmp/newgalax.png', 'rb')
data = read_file.read()


b64 = base64.b64encode(data)


print (b64)


# Save file
decode_b64 = base64.b64decode(b64)
out_file = open('/tmp/out_newgalax.png', 'wb')
out_file.write(decode_b64)


# Test in python 3.5.2