If you don't want the ViewModel to be scoped to the Activity lifecycle, you can scope it to the parent fragment's lifecycle. So if you want to share an instance of the ViewModel with multiple fragments in a screen, you can layout the fragments such that they all share a common parent fragment. That way when you instantiate the ViewModel you can just do this:

CommonViewModel viewModel = ViewModelProviders.of(getParentFragment()).class(CommonViewModel.class);

Hopefully this helps!

Typically you don't clear the ViewModel manually, because it is handled automatically. If you feel the need to clear your ViewModel manually, you're probably doing too much in that ViewModel...

There's nothing wrong with using multiple viewmodels. First one could be scoped to the Activity while another one could be scoped to the fragment.

Try to use the Activity scoped Viewmodel only for things that need to be shared. And put as many things as possible in the Fragment Scoped Viewmodel. The Fragment scoped viewmodel will be cleared when the fragment is destroyed. Reducing the overall memory footprint.

If you check the code here you'll find out, that you can get the ViewModelStore from a ViewModelStoreOwner and Fragment, FragmentActivity for example implements, that interface.

Soo from there you could just call viewModelStore.clear(), which as the documentation says:

 /**
*  Clears internal storage and notifies ViewModels that they are no longer used.
*/
public final void clear() {
for (ViewModel vm : mMap.values()) {
vm.clear();
}
mMap.clear();
}

N.B.: This will clear all the available ViewModels for the specific LifeCycleOwner, this does not allow you to clear one specific ViewModel.

I think I have a better solution.

As stated by @Nagy Robi, you could clear the ViewModel by call viewModelStore.clear(). The problem with this is that it will clear ALL the view model scoped within this ViewModelStore. In other words, you won't have control of which ViewModel to clear.

But according to @mikehc here. We could actually create our very own ViewModelStore instead. This will allow us granular control to what scope the ViewModel have to exist.

Note: I have not seen anyone do this approach but I hope this is a valid one. This will be a really good way to control scopes in a Single Activity Application.

Please give some feedbacks on this approach. Anything will be appreciated.

Update:

Since Navigation Component v2.1.0-alpha02, ViewModels could now be scoped to a flow. The downside to this is that you have to implement Navigation Component to your project and also you have no granualar control to the scope of your ViewModel. But this seems to be a better thing.

Im just writing library to address this problem: scoped-vm, feel free to check it out and I will highly appreciate any feedback. Under the hood, it uses the approach @Archie mentioned - it maintains separate ViewModelStore per scope. But it goes one step further and clears ViewModelStore itself as soon as the last fragment that requested viewmodel from that scope destroys.

I should say that currently whole viewmodel management (and this lib particularly) is affected with a serious bug with the backstack, hopefully it will be fixed.

Summary:

• If you care about ViewModel.onCleared() not being called, the best way (for now) is to clear it yourself. Because of that bug, you have no guaranty that viewmodel of a fragment will ever be cleared.
• If you just worry about leaked ViewModel - do not worry, they will be garbage collected as any other non-referenced objects. Feel free to use my lib for fine-grained scoping, if it suits your needs.

As it was pointed out it is not possible to clear an individual ViewModel of a ViewModelStore using the architecture components API. One possible solution to this issue is having a per-ViewModel stores that can be safely cleared when necessary:

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {


val individualModelStores = HashMap<KClass<out ViewModel>, ViewModelStore>()


inline fun <reified VIEWMODEL : ViewModel> getSharedViewModel(): VIEWMODEL {
val factory = object : ViewModelProvider.Factory {
override fun <T : ViewModel?> create(modelClass: Class<T>): T {
//Put your existing ViewModel instantiation code here,
//e.g., dependency injection or a factory you're using
//For the simplicity of example let's assume
//that your ViewModel doesn't take any arguments
return modelClass.newInstance()
}
}


val viewModelStore = this@MainActivity.getIndividualViewModelStore<VIEWMODEL>()
return ViewModelProvider(this.getIndividualViewModelStore<VIEWMODEL>(), factory).get(VIEWMODEL::class.java)
}


val viewModelStore = this@MainActivity.getIndividualViewModelStore<VIEWMODEL>()
return ViewModelProvider(this.getIndividualViewModelStore<VIEWMODEL>(), factory).get(VIEWMODEL::class.java)
}


inline fun <reified VIEWMODEL : ViewModel> getIndividualViewModelStore(): ViewModelStore {
val viewModelKey = VIEWMODEL::class
var viewModelStore = individualModelStores[viewModelKey]
return if (viewModelStore != null) {
viewModelStore
} else {
viewModelStore = ViewModelStore()
individualModelStores[viewModelKey] = viewModelStore
return viewModelStore
}
}


inline fun <reified VIEWMODEL : ViewModel> clearIndividualViewModelStore() {
val viewModelKey = VIEWMODEL::class
individualModelStores[viewModelKey]?.clear()
individualModelStores.remove(viewModelKey)
}

}

Use getSharedViewModel() to obtain an instance of ViewModel which is bound to the Activity's lifecycle:

val yourViewModel : YourViewModel = (requireActivity() as MainActivity).getSharedViewModel(/*There could be some arguments in case of a more complex ViewModelProvider.Factory implementation*/)

Later, when it's the time to dispose the shared ViewModel, use clearIndividualViewModelStore<>():

(requireActivity() as MainActivity).clearIndividualViewModelStore<YourViewModel>()

In some cases you would want to clear the ViewModel as soon as possible if it's not needed anymore (e.g., in case of it containing some sensitive user data like username or password). Here's a way of logging the state of individualModelStores upon every fragment switching to help you keep track of shared ViewModels:

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)


if (BuildConfig.DEBUG) {
navController.addOnDestinationChangedListener { _, _, _ ->
if (individualModelStores.isNotEmpty()) {
val tag = this@MainActivity.javaClass.simpleName
Log.w(
tag,
"Don't forget to clear the shared ViewModelStores if they are not needed anymore."
)
Log.w(
tag,
"Currently there are ${individualModelStores.keys.size} ViewModelStores bound to ${this@MainActivity.javaClass.simpleName}:"
)
for ((index, viewModelClass) in individualModelStores.keys.withIndex()) {
Log.w(
tag,
"${index + 1}) $viewModelClass\n"
)
}
}
}
}
}

I found a simple and fairly elegant way to deal with this issue. The trick is to use a DummyViewModel and model key.

The code works because AndroidX checks the class type of the model on get(). If it doesn't match it creates a new ViewModel using the current ViewModelProvider.Factory.

public class MyActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private static final String KEY_MY_MODEL = "model";


void clearMyViewModel() {
new ViewModelProvider(this, new ViewModelProvider.NewInstanceFactory()).
.get(KEY_MY_MODEL, DummyViewModel.class);
}


MyViewModel getMyViewModel() {
return new ViewModelProvider(this, new ViewModelProvider.AndroidViewModelFactory(getApplication()).
.get(KEY_MY_MODEL, MyViewModel.class);
}


static class DummyViewModel extends ViewModel {
//Intentionally blank
}
}

Quick solution without having to use Navigation Component library:

getActivity().getViewModelStore().clear();

This will solve this problem without incorporating the Navigation Component library. It’s also a simple one line of code. It will clear out those ViewModels that are shared between Fragments via the Activity

As I know you can't remove ViewModel object manually by program, but you can clear data that stored in that,for this case you should call onCleared() method manually for doing this:

1. Override onCleared() method in that class that is extended from ViewModel class
2. In this method you can clean data by making null the field that you store data in it
3. Call this method when you want clear data completely.

In my case, most of the things I observe are related to the Views, so I don't need to clear it in case the View gets destroyed (but not the Fragment).

In the case I need things like a LiveData that takes me to another Fragment (or that does the thing only once), I create a "consuming observer".

It can be done by extending MutableLiveData<T>:

fun <T> MutableLiveData<T>.observeConsuming(viewLifecycleOwner: LifecycleOwner, function: (T) -> Unit) {
observe(viewLifecycleOwner, Observer<T> {
function(it ?: return@Observer)
value = null
})
}

and as soon as it's observed, it will clear from the LiveData.

Now you can call it like:

viewModel.navigation.observeConsuming(viewLifecycleOwner) {
startActivity(Intent(this, LoginActivity::class.java))
}

As OP and Archie said, Google has given us the ability to scope ViewModel to navigation graphs. I will add how to do it here if you are using the navigation component already.

You can select all the fragments that needs to be grouped together inside the nav graph and right-click->move to nested graph->new graph

now this will move the selected fragments to a nested graph inside the main nav graph like this:

<navigation app:startDestination="@id/homeFragment" ...>
<fragment android:id="@+id/homeFragment" .../>
<fragment android:id="@+id/productListFragment" .../>
<fragment android:id="@+id/productFragment" .../>
<fragment android:id="@+id/bargainFragment" .../>


<navigation
android:id="@+id/checkout_graph"
app:startDestination="@id/cartFragment">


<fragment android:id="@+id/orderSummaryFragment".../>
<fragment android:id="@+id/addressFragment" .../>
<fragment android:id="@+id/paymentFragment" .../>
<fragment android:id="@+id/cartFragment" .../>


</navigation>


</navigation>

Now, inside the fragments when you initialise the viewmodel do this

val viewModel: CheckoutViewModel by navGraphViewModels(R.id.checkout_graph)

if you need to pass the viewmodel factory(may be for injecting the viewmodel) you can do it like this:

val viewModel: CheckoutViewModel by navGraphViewModels(R.id.checkout_graph) { viewModelFactory }

Make sure its R.id.checkout_graph and not R.navigation.checkout_graph

For some reason creating the nav graph and using include to nest it inside the main nav graph was not working for me. Probably is a bug.

Source: https://medium.com/androiddevelopers/viewmodels-with-saved-state-jetpack-navigation-data-binding-and-coroutines-df476b78144e

Thanks, OP and @Archie for pointing me in the right direction.

It seems like it has been already solved in the latest architecture components version.

ViewModelProvider has a following constructor:

    /**
* Creates {@code ViewModelProvider}, which will create {@code ViewModels} via the given
* {@code Factory} and retain them in a store of the given {@code ViewModelStoreOwner}.
*
* @param owner   a {@code ViewModelStoreOwner} whose {@link ViewModelStore} will be used to
*                retain {@code ViewModels}
* @param factory a {@code Factory} which will be used to instantiate
*                new {@code ViewModels}
*/
public ViewModelProvider(@NonNull ViewModelStoreOwner owner, @NonNull Factory factory) {
this(owner.getViewModelStore(), factory);
}

Which, in case of Fragment, would use scoped ViewModelStore.

androidx.fragment.app.Fragment#getViewModelStore

    /**
* Returns the {@link ViewModelStore} associated with this Fragment
* <p>
* Overriding this method is no longer supported and this method will be made
* <code>final</code> in a future version of Fragment.
*
* @return a {@code ViewModelStore}
* @throws IllegalStateException if called before the Fragment is attached i.e., before
* onAttach().
*/
@NonNull
@Override
public ViewModelStore getViewModelStore() {
if (mFragmentManager == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Can't access ViewModels from detached fragment");
}
return mFragmentManager.getViewModelStore(this);
}

androidx.fragment.app.FragmentManagerViewModel#getViewModelStore

    @NonNull
ViewModelStore getViewModelStore(@NonNull Fragment f) {
ViewModelStore viewModelStore = mViewModelStores.get(f.mWho);
if (viewModelStore == null) {
viewModelStore = new ViewModelStore();
mViewModelStores.put(f.mWho, viewModelStore);
}
return viewModelStore;
}