在 MATLAB，我可以在同一个文件中有一个脚本和一个函数定义吗？

1) You cannot nest a function inside a script.

2) Make sure f.m is on your path or in current directory, and you can call it like any other function.

As of release R2016b, you can have local functions in scripts, like so:

data = 1:10;            % A vector of data
squaredData = f(data);  % Invoke the local function


function y = f(x)
y = x.^2;
end

Prior to release R2016b, the only type of function that could be defined inside a MATLAB script was an anonymous function. For example:

data = 1:10;            % A vector of data
f = @(x) x.^2;          % An anonymous function
squaredData = f(data);  % Invoke the anonymous function

Note that anonymous functions are better suited to simple operations, since they have to be defined in a single expression. For more complicated functions, you will have to define them in their own files, place them somewhere on the MATLAB path to make them accessible to your script, and then call them from your script as you would any other function.

The way I get around this limitation, is to turn my scripts into functions that take no arguments (if I need variables from the global namespace, I either explicitly pass them in the function, or use "evalin" to grab them.)

Then you can define all the additional functions you need in the "script." It's a hack, but I have found it to be quite powerful in those cases where I need several non-trivial functions.

EDIT: Here's a simplistic example. All this can reside in a single file.

function [] = myScriptAsAFunction()
img = randn(200);
img = smooth(img);
figure(1);
imagesc(img);
axis image;
colorbar;
end


function simg = smooth(img)
simg = img / 5;
end

You can do something like this (assuming your file is named my_file.m):

function my_file
%script here
end


function out = f(in)
%function here
end

If you click the run button the function my_file will be executed as default.

You can have many functions in a sample file. But only the first one can act as a main function, when you run the file. Others can be used merely in this file. For some situation you want to define a big function. You can separate it into smaller functions and define below it.

However, the most simple way to find the answer is having a try~

I have implemented the solution by John, and I found it useful. But there are a couple of caveats (in Octave; Matlab possibly behaves similarly):

1. If code inside your main function contains clear all prior to using the auxiliary function, it will not work. In file test3.m, commenting/uncommenting clear all makes code work/not work.
   

   function [] = test3()
   %clear all
   a = myfunc( 1 );
   a
   endfunction;
   
   
   %---------------------------------
   % Auxiliary functions
   
   
   function retval = myfunc( a )
   retval = 2 * a;
   endfunction;
   

   From It seems like upon running a script, there is a first pass where code outside functions is executed (in this case, there is no such code), and functions defined (in this case, test3 and myfunc) are added to the workspace. A second pass would execute the main function, which would not find myfunc if clear all is active.

2. As pointed out by chessofnerd, out-of-the-box the variables in your main function do not go to the workspace.

As of R2016b, you can define local functions within a script.

x = 1;
y = add1(x);


function z = add1(x)
z = x + 1;
end