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最佳答案

Solution (TL;DR;)

Create /etc/openvpn/fix-routes.sh script with following contents:

#!/bin/sh


echo "Adding default route to $route_vpn_gateway with /0 mask..."
ip route add default via $route_vpn_gateway


echo "Removing /1 routes..."
ip route del 0.0.0.0/1 via $route_vpn_gateway
ip route del 128.0.0.0/1 via $route_vpn_gateway

Add executable bit to the file: chmod o+x /etc/openvpn/fix-routes.sh. Change owner of this file to root: chown root:root /etc/openvpn/fix-routes.sh.

Add to your config following two lines:

 script-security 2
route-up  /etc/openvpn/fix-routes.sh

Explanation

Openvpn adds routes that for following networks: 0.0.0.0/1 and 128.0.0.0/1 (these routes cover entire IP range), and docker can't find range of IP addresses to create it's own private network.

You need to add a default route (to route everything through openvpn) and disable these two specific routes. fix-routes script does that.

This script is called after openvpn adds its own routes. To execute scripts you'll need to set script-security to 2 which allows execution of bash scripts from openvpn context.

Thanks

I'd like to thank author of this comment on github, also thanks to ovpn support.

小开

You can also get docker-compose working if you define the subnet CIDR in your docker compose file:

networks:
your-network:
ipam:
config:
- subnet: 172.16.238.0/24
gateway: 172.16.238.1

Another option: create first the network with the subnet CIDR and then specify in the docker compose file that you want to use this network:

docker network create your-network --subnet 172.24.24.0/24

In your docker compose file:

networks:
your-network:
external: true

小开

Some additional context here: the 0.0.0.0 and 128.0.0.0 routes are only created if the OpenVPN server (aka Access Server) is configured to push routes to send all the endpoint's Internet traffic via the VPN. By adding these broad routes, the user's Internet traffic can be routed while not interfering with routing on the local LAN, and ensuring that the endpoint remains able to route the OpenVPN traffic itself to the local router.

If sending all Internet traffic via the OpenVPN server isn't a requirement, you may be better off asking your VPN admin to create a profile that only routes traffic to required destinations (such as private IP address ranges) via the VPN instead of everything. That should avoid having to mess with the routes on the endpoint.

小开

Maybe one way to do it is to add all routes excluding 172.16.0.0/12 to route through VPN so we are sure everything going out is properly handled:

sudo ip route add 192.0.0.0/2 via $route_vpn_gateway
sudo ip route add 128.0.0.0/3 via $route_vpn_gateway
sudo ip route add 176.0.0.0/4 via $route_vpn_gateway
sudo ip route add 160.0.0.0/5 via $route_vpn_gateway
sudo ip route add 168.0.0.0/6 via $route_vpn_gateway
sudo ip route add 174.0.0.0/7 via $route_vpn_gateway
sudo ip route add 173.0.0.0/8 via $route_vpn_gateway
sudo ip route add 172.128.0.0/9 via $route_vpn_gateway
sudo ip route add 172.64.0.0/10 via $route_vpn_gateway
sudo ip route add 172.32.0.0/11 via $route_vpn_gateway
sudo ip route add 172.0.0.0/12 via $route_vpn_gateway


# And finally delete the default route which handle 172.16.0.0/12
sudo ip route del 128.0.0.0/1 via $route_vpn_gateway

小开

Based on answer from Anas El Barkani, here's a complete step-by-step example using PostgreSQL.

While VPN is not connected, create a permanent docker network:

docker network create my-network --subnet 172.24.24.0/24

In docker-compose file, specify network as external:

version: "2"

services:
postgres:
container_name: postgres
image: postgres
volumes:
- ./volumes/postgres/data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
environment:
- POSTGRES_DB=dummy
- POSTGRES_USER=user
- POSTGRES_PASSWORD=123456
- POSTGRES_HOST=localhost
networks:
- default
ports:
- "127.0.0.1:5432:5432"

networks:
default:
external:
name: my-network

That's all. Now you can enable your VPN, and start/stop container as usual:

docker-compose up -d
docker-compose down

No need to turn VPN on/off every time, or to add weird scripts as root.

小开

Disclaimer:

This solution originally designed for next configuration:

Ubuntu 18.04
OpenVPN 2.4.4
Docker-CE 19.03.5
Docker-Compose 1.24.0
Bridge IPV4 networks
Docker-Swarm not used

and may differ for other configurations.

Problem

Start your VPN connection.

Case 1

When you try to restart docker daemon you'll get in the logs:

failed to start daemon: Error initializing network controller: list bridge addresses failed: PredefinedLocalScopeDefaultNetworks

Case 2

When you try to create bridge network (implicitly docker and docker-compose try to create this kind of network) within next cases:

docker create network without defining subnet parameter
docker-compose up without defining subnet parameter

you'll get:

ERROR: could not find an available, non-overlapping IPv4 address pool among the defaults to assign to the network

Solution (TL;BPR)

Select address range for docker network from the private address space that not planned be to use for resources inside your VPN. Imagine that it is 172.26.0.0/16.
Add changes to the Docker's daemon config file daemon.json file. :
```
{
"bip": "172.26.0.1/17",
"fixed-cidr": "172.26.0.0/17",
"default-address-pools" : [
{
"base" : "172.26.128.0/17",
"size" : 24
}
]
}
```
Where:
- bip - aka «bridge ip»: specific bridge IP address for the docker0 bridge network, which used by default if other was not specified.
- fixed-cidr - CIDR range for docker0 interface and local containers. Only needed if you want to restrict the IP range defined by bip.
- default-address-pools - CIDR range for docker_gwbridge (needed for docker-swarm) interface and bridge networks. size parameter set the default submask for newly created networks inside this range.
We divide our initial 172.26.0.0/16 range by equal 172.26.0.0 - 172.26.127.255 and 172.26.128.0 - 172.26.255.255 pools in this example.

Be careful with daemon.json formating, otherwise you'd get the error like this when restart docker's daemon
```
unable to configure the Docker daemon with file /etc/docker/daemon.json
```
Run your VPN connection
Find your device name by running the comand. Usually it something like tun0
```
ip addr show type tun
```
Show created routes
```
ip route show dev tun0
```
Find the pool that overlaps with our selected address, let it be:
```
172.16.0.0/12 via 10.8.0.1
```
Split that pool on subnets on chunks with our selected Docker pool 172.26.0.0/16. You can use this amazing calculator by David C. We've got:
```
172.16.0.1/13
172.24.0.1/15
172.26.0.0/16
172.27.0.1/16
172.28.0.1/14
```

Create /etc/openvpn/mynetwork-route-up.sh script, for OpenVPN for excluding our subnet from routes, with following contents (note that we excluded our network):

#!/usr/bin/env bash


echo "Remove the route that conflicts with the Docker's subnet"
ip route del 172.16.0.0/12 via $route_vpn_gateway


echo "Bring back routes that don't intersect"
ip route add 172.16.0.0/13 via $route_vpn_gateway dev $dev
ip route add 172.24.0.0/15 via $route_vpn_gateway dev $dev
ip route add 172.27.0.0/16 via $route_vpn_gateway dev $dev
ip route add 172.28.0.0/14 via $route_vpn_gateway dev $dev

Create /etc/openvpn/mynetwork-route-pre-down.sh script with following contents (note that we excluded our network):

#!/usr/bin/env bash


echo "Remove manually created routes"
ip route del 172.16.0.0/13 dev $dev
ip route del 172.24.0.0/15 dev $dev
ip route del 172.27.0.0/16 dev $dev
ip route del 172.28.0.0/14 dev $dev


echo "Creating original route because OpenVPN will try to del that"
ip route add 172.16.0.0/12 via $route_vpn_gateway dev $dev

Make that scripts executable

sudo chmod u+x /etc/openvpn/mynetwork-route-up.sh
sudo chmod u+x /etc/openvpn/mynetwork-route-pre-down.sh

Add this lines to the end of your .ovpn config

script-security 2
route-up /etc/openvpn/mynetwork-route-up.sh
route-pre-down /etc/openvpn/mynetwork-route-pre-down.sh

Restart your OpenVPN
Run (for removing networks that may conflict when daemon will restart)

docker network prune

Restart Docker daemon
```
sudo service docker restart
```

Cause

OpenVPN used frequently to route all traffic through tunnel, or at least, proxy private pools. So why docker fails, when it started?

Case 1

When you starting the Docker daemon, it checks daemon's config bridge network for overlaping with routes (up->down stacktrace):

As you can see here, you can also disable creating the default bridge network in the daemon config for fixing this error.

Case 2

When the Docker's component libnetwork try to create it's network, it check all available addresses for overlaping with routes. If nothing found, it returns an error (up->down stacktrace):

Of course, other scenarios to get this errors exists too. Gotta Catch 'Em All!

Workarounds (not recommended)

Create network with the subnet parameter

Docker allow you to pass subnet address range explicitly and it seems that doesn't perform an overlap check in this case.

https://github.com/docker/libnetwork/blob/922cd533eac14b6e0754756c5cacf9f44af5d699/network.go#L1657

Create a network when OpenVPN stopped, then start it

I don't dive deep in that, but I think, OpenVPN doesn't check overlapping.

P.S.

Thanks (https://stackoverflow.com/users/7918/jb)[jb] for his great answer, it inspire me a lot for wrtiting this answer.

For in-depth network understanding of Docker, you can read this articles:

«Configure Custom CIDR Ranges in Docker EE» by Dave Thompson
«Plan your installation» by Docker

Also, don't forget this!

小开

The default routes which cause the problem are pushed to the OpenVPN client by the OpenVPN server.

Rather then create a script to delete the routes you can simply stop the problematic routes from being created in the first place.

There are two ways to do this:

If you can change the settings on the OpenVPN server, edit the config and remove the redirect-gateway option. On my EdgeRouter the relevant line looks like this:

openvpn-option "--push redirect-gateway def1"

One a Linux server I believe it would look like this:

push "redirect-gateway def1"
If you can't change settings on the OpenVPN server you can tell your OpenVPN client to ignore the pushed routes from the server. On my Linux client the relevant line looks like this:

pull-filter ignore redirect-gateway

Once you've made those changes and restarted the OpenVPN service you should be able to start Docker containers without the dreaded could not find an available, non-overlapping IPv4 address error.

小开

What worked for me: After seeing

Creating network "airflow_default" with the default driver
ERROR: could not find an available, non-overlapping IPv4 address pool
among the defaults to assign to the network

just create that network manually:

docker network create airflow_default --subnet 172.24.24.0/24

How make openvpn work with docker