在用 g + + 编译时,哪个 C + + 标准是默认的?

我有一段代码,看起来像下面这样。让我们假设它在一个名为 example.cpp的文件中

#include <fstream>
#include <string> // line added after edit for clarity


int main() {
std::string filename = "input.txt";
std::ifstream in(filename);


return 0;
}

在窗口中,如果我在 cmd中键入命令 g++ example.cpp,它将失败。这是一个长长的错误列表,我认为主要是由于链接器抱怨无法从 string转换到 const char*

但是如果我使用如下附加参数运行编译器: g++ -std=c++17 example.cpp,它将编译和工作没有任何问题。

当我运行前一个命令时会发生什么?我猜测 C + + 编译器的默认 版本标准会被调用,但我不知道是哪个?作为一个程序员/开发人员,我应该总是使用后一个命令和额外的参数吗?

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Typing g++ --version in your command shell will reveal the version of the compiler, and from that you can infer the default standard. So you can't tell directly but you can infer it, with some effort.

Compilers are supposed to #define __cplusplus which can be used to extract the standard that they purport to implement at compile time; but many don't do this yet.

(And don't forget to include all the C++ standard library headers you need: where is the one for std::string for example? Don't rely on your C++ standard library implementation including other headers automatically - in doing that you are not writing portable C++.)

I'm guessing a default version of the C++ compiler gets called, but I don't know which?

This is only guessable by reading the documentation of your particular compiler version.

If using a recent GCC, I recommend first to understand what version are you using by running

g++ -v

or

g++ --version

and then refer to the version of the particular release of GCC. For example for GCC 7, read GCC 7 changes etc

Alternatively, run

g++ -dumpspecs

and decipher the default so called spec file.

BTW, you could ensure (e.g. in some of your common header file) that C++ is at least C++17 by coding

 #if __cplusplus < 201412L
#error expecting C++17 standard
#endif

and I actually recommend doing it that way.

PS. Actually, think of C++98 & C++17 being two different languages (e.g. like Ocaml4 and C++11 are). Require your user to have a compiler supporting some defined language standard (e.g. C++11), not some particular version of GCC. Read also about package managers.

Your question is specific to gnu compilers, so probably better to tag it appropriately, rather than just C++ and C++11.

Your code will compile with any compilers (and associated libraries) compliant with C++11 and later.

The reason is that C++11 introduced a std::ifstream constructor that accepts a const std::string &. Before C++11, a std::string could not be passed, and it would be necessary in your code to pass filename.c_str() rather than filename.

According to information from gnu, https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx-status.html#cxx11, gcc.4.8.1 was the first version to fully support C++11. At the command line g++ -v will prod g++ to telling you its version number.

If you dig into documentation, you might be able to find the version/subversion that first supported enough features so your code - as given - would compile. But such a version would support some C++11 features and not others.

Since windows isn't distributed with g++, you will have whatever version someone (you?) has chosen to install. There will be no default version of g++ associated with your version of windows.

If your version of g++ is later than 4.7 I think you can find the default version of C++ standard supported like so:

g++ -dM -E -x c++  /dev/null | grep -F __cplusplus

An example from my machine:

mburr@mint17 ~ $ g++ --version | head -1
g++ (Ubuntu 4.8.4-2ubuntu1~14.04.3) 4.8.4
mburr@mint17 ~ $ g++ -dM -E -x c++  /dev/null | grep -F __cplusplus
#define __cplusplus 199711L

Some references:

I believe that it is possible to tell by looking at the man page (at least for g++):

Under the description of -std, the man page lists all C++ standards, including the GNU dialects. Under one specific standard, it is rather inconspicuously stated, This is the default for C++ code. (there is an analogous statement for C standards: This is the default for C code.).

For instance, for g++/gcc version 5.4.0, this is listed under gnu++98/gnu++03, whereas for g++/gcc version 6.4.0, this is listed under gnu++14.

You can also check with gdb

  1. $ g++ example.cpp -g Compile program with -g flag to generate debug info
  2. $ gdb a.out Debug program with gdb
  3. (gdb) b main Put a breakpoint at main
  4. (gdb) run Run program (will pause at breakpoint)
  5. (gdb) info source

Prints out something like:

Current source file is example.cpp
Compilation directory is /home/xxx/cpp
Located in /home/xxx/cpp/example.cpp
Contains 7 lines.
Source language is c++.
Producer is GNU C++14 6.3.0 20170516 -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -g.
Compiled with DWARF 2 debugging format.
Does not include preprocessor macro info.

There is the standard used by compiler: Producer is GNU C++14

If you recompile your program using -std=c++11 (for example), gdb detects it: Producer is GNU C++11

g++ man page actually tells what is the default standard for C++ code.

Use following script to show the relevant part:

man g++ | col -b | grep -B 1 -e '-std.* default'

For example, in RHEL 6 g++ (GCC) 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-23), the output:

         gnu++98
GNU dialect of -std=c++98.  This is the default for C++ code.

And in Fedora 28 g++ (GCC) 8.1.1 20180502 (Red Hat 8.1.1-1), the output:

       gnu++1y
GNU dialect of -std=c++14.  This is the default for C++ code.  The name gnu++1y is deprecated.

man g++ | grep "This is the default for C++ code"

The default language standards for both C and C++ are specified in the GCC Manuals. You can find these as follows:

Browse to https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/

Select the GCC #.## Manual link for the version of GCC you are interested in, e.g. for GCC 7.5.0:

https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-7.5.0/gcc/

Click the topic link Language Standards Supported by GCC, followed by the topic C++ Language (or C language). Either of these topics will have a sentence such as:

The default, if no C++ language dialect options are given, is -std=gnu++14.

The default, if no C language dialect options are given, is -std=gnu11.

The above two examples are for GCC 7.5.0.