跨浏览器使用 JavaScript 和 jQuery 处理按键事件(F1-F12)

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I am not sure if intercepting function keys is possible, but I would avoid using function keys all together. Function keys are used by browsers to perform a variety of tasks, some of them quite common. For example, in Firefox on Linux, at least six or seven of the function keys are reserved for use by the browser:

F1 (Help),
F3 (Search),
F5 (Refresh),
F6 (focus address bar),
F7 (caret browsing mode),
F11 (full screen mode), and
F12 (used by several add-ons, including Firebug)

The worst part is that different browsers on different operating systems use different keys for different things. That's a lot of differences to account for. You should stick to safer, less commonly used key combinations.

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最佳答案

The best source I have for this kind of question is this page: http://www.quirksmode.org/js/keys.html

What they say is that the key codes are odd on Safari, and consistent everywhere else (except that there's no keypress event on IE, but I believe keydown works).

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I agree with William that in general it is a bad idea to hijack the function keys. That said, I found the shortcut library that adds this functionality, as well as other keyboard shortcuts and combination, in a very slick way.

Single keystroke:

shortcut.add("F1", function() {
alert("F1 pressed");
});

Combination of keystrokes:

shortcut.add("Ctrl+Shift+A", function() {
alert("Ctrl Shift A pressed");
});

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Without other external class you can create your personal hack code simply using

event.keyCode

Another help for all, I think is this test page for intercept the keyCode (simply copy and past in new file.html for testing your event).

 <html>
<head>
<title>Untitled</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<style type="text/css">
td,th{border:2px solid #aaa;}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
var t_cel,tc_ln;
if(document.addEventListener){ //code for Moz
document.addEventListener("keydown",keyCapt,false);
document.addEventListener("keyup",keyCapt,false);
document.addEventListener("keypress",keyCapt,false);
}else{
document.attachEvent("onkeydown",keyCapt); //code for IE
document.attachEvent("onkeyup",keyCapt);
document.attachEvent("onkeypress",keyCapt);
}
function keyCapt(e){
if(typeof window.event!="undefined"){
e=window.event;//code for IE
}
if(e.type=="keydown"){
t_cel[0].innerHTML=e.keyCode;
t_cel[3].innerHTML=e.charCode;
}else if(e.type=="keyup"){
t_cel[1].innerHTML=e.keyCode;
t_cel[4].innerHTML=e.charCode;
}else if(e.type=="keypress"){
t_cel[2].innerHTML=e.keyCode;
t_cel[5].innerHTML=e.charCode;
}
}
window.onload=function(){
t_cel=document.getElementById("tblOne").getElementsByTagName("td");
tc_ln=t_cel.length;
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<table id="tblOne">
<tr>
<th style="border:none;"></th><th>onkeydown</th><th>onkeyup</th><th>onkeypress</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>keyCode</th><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>charCode</th><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</table>
<button onclick="for(i=0;i<tc_ln;i++){t_cel[i].innerHTML='&nbsp;'};">CLEAR</button>
</body>
</html>

Here is a working demo so you can try it right here:

var t_cel, tc_ln;
if (document.addEventListener) { //code for Moz
document.addEventListener("keydown", keyCapt, false);
document.addEventListener("keyup", keyCapt, false);
document.addEventListener("keypress", keyCapt, false);
} else {
document.attachEvent("onkeydown", keyCapt); //code for IE
document.attachEvent("onkeyup", keyCapt);
document.attachEvent("onkeypress", keyCapt);
}


function keyCapt(e) {
if (typeof window.event != "undefined") {
e = window.event; //code for IE
}
if (e.type == "keydown") {
t_cel[0].innerHTML = e.keyCode;
t_cel[3].innerHTML = e.charCode;
} else if (e.type == "keyup") {
t_cel[1].innerHTML = e.keyCode;
t_cel[4].innerHTML = e.charCode;
} else if (e.type == "keypress") {
t_cel[2].innerHTML = e.keyCode;
t_cel[5].innerHTML = e.charCode;
}
}
window.onload = function() {
t_cel = document.getElementById("tblOne").getElementsByTagName("td");
tc_ln = t_cel.length;
}

td,
th {
border: 2px solid #aaa;
}

<html>


<head>
<title>Untitled</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
</head>


<body>
<table id="tblOne">
<tr>
<th style="border:none;"></th>
<th>onkeydown</th>
<th>onkeyup</th>
<th>onkeypress</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>keyCode</th>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>charCode</th>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</table>
<button onclick="for(i=0;i<tc_ln;i++){t_cel[i].innerHTML='&nbsp;'};">CLEAR</button>
</body>


</html>

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Add a shortcut:

$.Shortcuts.add({
type: 'down',
mask: 'Ctrl+A',
handler: function() {
debug('Ctrl+A');
}
});

Start reacting to shortcuts:

$.Shortcuts.start();

Add a shortcut to “another” list:

$.Shortcuts.add({
type: 'hold',
mask: 'Shift+Up',
handler: function() {
debug('Shift+Up');
},
list: 'another'
});

Activate “another” list:

$.Shortcuts.start('another');
Remove a shortcut:
$.Shortcuts.remove({
type: 'hold',
mask: 'Shift+Up',
list: 'another'
});

Stop (unbind event handlers):

$.Shortcuts.stop();

Tutorial:
http://www.stepanreznikov.com/js-shortcuts/

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Try this solution if works.

window.onkeypress = function(e) {
if ((e.which || e.keyCode) == 116) {
alert("fresh");
}
}

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It is very simple.

$(function(){
//Yes! use keydown because some keys are fired only in this trigger,
//such arrows keys
$("body").keydown(function(e){
//well so you need keep on mind that your browser use some keys
//to call some function, so we'll prevent this
e.preventDefault();


//now we caught the key code.
var keyCode = e.keyCode || e.which;


//your keyCode contains the key code, F1 to F12
//is among 112 and 123. Just it.
console.log(keyCode);
});
});

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This works for me.

if(code ==112) { alert("F1 was pressed!!"); return false; }

F2 - 113, F3 - 114, F4 - 115, and so fort.

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One of the problems in trapping the F1-F12 keys is that the default function must also be overridden. Here is an example of an implementation of the F1 'Help' key, with the override that prevents the default help pop-up. This solution can be extended for the F2-F12 keys. Also, this example purposely does not capture combination keys, but this can be altered as well.

<html>
<head>
<!-- Note:  reference your JQuery library here -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>F-key trap example</h1>
<div><h2>Example:  Press the 'F1' key to open help</h2></div>
<script type="text/javascript">
//uncomment to prevent on startup
//removeDefaultFunction();
/** Prevents the default function such as the help pop-up **/
function removeDefaultFunction()
{
window.onhelp = function () { return false; }
}
/** use keydown event and trap only the F-key,
but not combinations with SHIFT/CTRL/ALT **/
$(window).bind('keydown', function(e) {
//This is the F1 key code, but NOT with SHIFT/CTRL/ALT
var keyCode = e.keyCode || e.which;
if((keyCode == 112 || e.key == 'F1') &&
!(event.altKey ||event.ctrlKey || event.shiftKey || event.metaKey))
{
// prevent code starts here:
removeDefaultFunction();
e.cancelable = true;
e.stopPropagation();
e.preventDefault();
e.returnValue = false;
// Open help window here instead of alert
alert('F1 Help key opened, ' + keyCode);
}
// Add other F-keys here:
else if((keyCode == 113 || e.key == 'F2') &&
!(event.altKey ||event.ctrlKey || event.shiftKey || event.metaKey))
{
// prevent code starts here:
removeDefaultFunction();
e.cancelable = true;
e.stopPropagation();
e.preventDefault();
e.returnValue = false;
// Do something else for F2
alert('F2 key opened, ' + keyCode);
}
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

I borrowed a similar solution from a related SO article in developing this. Let me know if this worked for you as well.

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Solution in ES6 for modern browsers and IE11 (with transpilation to ES5):

//Disable default IE help popup
window.onhelp = function() {
return false;
};
window.onkeydown = evt => {
switch (evt.keyCode) {
//ESC
case 27:
this.onEsc();
break;
//F1
case 112:
this.onF1();
break;
//Fallback to default browser behaviour
default:
return true;
}
//Returning false overrides default browser event
return false;
};

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My solution to this problem is:

document.onkeypress = function (event) {
event = (event || window.event);
if (event.keyCode == 123) {
return false;
}
}

With the magic number 123 which is the key F12.

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You can do this with jquery like this:

        $("#elemenId").keydown(function (e) {
if(e.key == "F12"){
console.log(e.key);
}


});

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You can use Vanilla Javascript and the KeyboardEvents keydown, keypress or keyup.

Use event.key (preferably) or event.code and compare them against the key name like event.key === "F1".

When working with Function keys you probably want to suppress the default behaviour (On windows many of the function keys are used by the browser). This can be achieved by calling preventDefault() on the keydown event. Even if you want to listen to the keyup event you need to call preventDefault() on the keydown event, because the browser shortcut is bound to that event. Keep in mind, that calling preventDefault() on keydown will also suppress the keypress event.

document
.addEventListener("keydown", e => {
if(e.key === "F1") {
// Suppress default behaviour
// e.g. F1 in Microsoft Edge on Windows usually opens Windows help
e.preventDefault()
}
})


document
.addEventListener("keyup", e => {
if(e.key === "F1") {
// Handle the keyup event
doSomething()
}
})