If the version of nodejs you're using supports the ES 6 features, then yes. Otherwise not. Most of the older versions (pre 6.x if memory serves but you should check for your version) required the --harmony flag in order to do this, the latest releases include it natively.
For this reason, and because it works in all versions, most online resources still use the require syntax.
For people trying to import path in a TypeScript file, and ending up here:
Be sure to have node types installed:
npm install --save-dev @types/node
Import path symbol:
import * as path from 'path';
Note: @types/* are automatically included for compilation, providing you use typescript version 2.0 or above, and provided you don't override the types property in compiler options file (tsconfig.json).