struct base
{
/* base class members */
};
struct derived
{
struct base super;
/* derived class members */
};
struct derived d;
struct base *base_ptr = (struct base *)&d; // upcast
struct derived *derived_ptr = (struct derived *)base_ptr; // downcast
为了获得多态性(即虚函数) ,你可以使用函数指针和可选的函数指针表,也称为虚表或 vtables:
struct base;
struct base_vtable
{
void (*dance)(struct base *);
void (*jump)(struct base *, int how_high);
};
struct base
{
struct base_vtable *vtable;
/* base members */
};
void base_dance(struct base *b)
{
b->vtable->dance(b);
}
void base_jump(struct base *b, int how_high)
{
b->vtable->jump(b, how_high);
}
struct derived1
{
struct base super;
/* derived1 members */
};
void derived1_dance(struct derived1 *d)
{
/* implementation of derived1's dance function */
}
void derived1_jump(struct derived1 *d, int how_high)
{
/* implementation of derived 1's jump function */
}
/* global vtable for derived1 */
struct base_vtable derived1_vtable =
{
&derived1_dance, /* you might get a warning here about incompatible pointer types */
&derived1_jump /* you can ignore it, or perform a cast to get rid of it */
};
void derived1_init(struct derived1 *d)
{
d->super.vtable = &derived1_vtable;
/* init base members d->super.foo */
/* init derived1 members d->foo */
}
struct derived2
{
struct base super;
/* derived2 members */
};
void derived2_dance(struct derived2 *d)
{
/* implementation of derived2's dance function */
}
void derived2_jump(struct derived2 *d, int how_high)
{
/* implementation of derived2's jump function */
}
struct base_vtable derived2_vtable =
{
&derived2_dance,
&derived2_jump
};
void derived2_init(struct derived2 *d)
{
d->super.vtable = &derived2_vtable;
/* init base members d->super.foo */
/* init derived1 members d->foo */
}
int main(void)
{
/* OK! We're done with our declarations, now we can finally do some
polymorphism in C */
struct derived1 d1;
derived1_init(&d1);
struct derived2 d2;
derived2_init(&d2);
struct base *b1_ptr = (struct base *)&d1;
struct base *b2_ptr = (struct base *)&d2;
base_dance(b1_ptr); /* calls derived1_dance */
base_dance(b2_ptr); /* calls derived2_dance */
base_jump(b1_ptr, 42); /* calls derived1_jump */
base_jump(b2_ptr, 42); /* calls derived2_jump */
return 0;
}
这就是 C 语言中多态性的实现方法。虽然不怎么样,但还是很管用。在基类和派生类之间存在一些涉及指针强制转换的棘手问题,只要基类是派生类的第一个成员,指针强制转换就是安全的。多重继承要困难得多——在这种情况下,为了在第一个类之外的基类之间进行大小写处理,需要根据适当的偏移量手动调整指针,这非常棘手,而且容易出错。