fun 'a length [] = 0
| 'a length (x::xs) = 1 + length xs
If a term has a Hindley-Milner type, then the principal type can be inferred without requiring any type declarations or other annotations by the programmer. (This is a mixed blessing, as anyone can attest who has ever been handled a large chunk of ML code with no annotations.)
Hindley-Milner is the basis for the type system of almost every statically typed functional language. Such languages in common use include
All these languages have extended Hindley-Milner; Haskell, Clean, and Objective Caml do so in ambitious and unusual ways. (Extensions are required to deal with mutable variables, since basic Hindley-Milner can be subverted using, for example, a mutable cell holding a list of values of unspecified type. Such problems are dealt with by an extension called the value restriction.)
Many other minor languages and tools based on typed functional languages use Hindley-Milner.
Hindley-Milner is a restriction of System F, which allows more types but which requires annotations by the programmer.
// ...
var syntax =
new SExpressionSyntax().
Include
(
// Not-quite-Lisp-indeed; just tolen from our host, C#, as-is
SExpressionSyntax.Token("\\/\\/.*", SExpressionSyntax.Commenting),
SExpressionSyntax.Token("false", (token, match) => false),
SExpressionSyntax.Token("true", (token, match) => true),
SExpressionSyntax.Token("null", (token, match) => null),
// Integers (unsigned)
SExpressionSyntax.Token("[0-9]+", (token, match) => int.Parse(match)),
// String literals
SExpressionSyntax.Token("\\\"(\\\\\\n|\\\\t|\\\\n|\\\\r|\\\\\\\"|[^\\\"])*\\\"", (token, match) => match.Substring(1, match.Length - 2)),
// For identifiers...
SExpressionSyntax.Token("[\\$_A-Za-z][\\$_0-9A-Za-z\\-]*", SExpressionSyntax.NewSymbol),
// ... and such
SExpressionSyntax.Token("[\\!\\&\\|\\<\\=\\>\\+\\-\\*\\/\\%\\:]+", SExpressionSyntax.NewSymbol)
);
var system = TypeSystem.Default;
var env = new Dictionary<string, IType>();
// Classic
var @bool = system.NewType(typeof(bool).Name);
var @int = system.NewType(typeof(int).Name);
var @string = system.NewType(typeof(string).Name);
// Generic list of some `item' type : List<item>
var ItemType = system.NewGeneric();
var ListType = system.NewType("List", new[] { ItemType });
// Populate the top level typing environment (aka, the language's "builtins")
env[@bool.Id] = @bool;
env[@int.Id] = @int;
env[@string.Id] = @string;
env[ListType.Id] = env["nil"] = ListType;
//...
Action<object> analyze =
(ast) =>
{
var nodes = (Node[])visitSExpr(ast);
foreach (var node in nodes)
{
try
{
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("{0} : {1}", node.Id, system.Infer(env, node));
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
}
}
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("... Done.");
};
// Parse some S-expr (in string representation)
var source =
syntax.
Parse
(@"
(
let
(
// Type inference ""playground""
// Classic..
( id ( ( x ) => x ) ) // identity
( o ( ( f g ) => ( ( x ) => ( f ( g x ) ) ) ) ) // composition
( factorial ( ( n ) => ( if ( > n 0 ) ( * n ( factorial ( - n 1 ) ) ) 1 ) ) )
// More interesting..
( fmap (
( f l ) =>
( if ( empty l )
( : ( f ( head l ) ) ( fmap f ( tail l ) ) )
nil
)
) )
// your own...
)
( )
)
");
// Visit the parsed S-expr, turn it into a more friendly AST for H-M
// (see Node, et al, above) and infer some types from the latter
analyze(source);
// ...