沃克泽格到底是什么？

来自 正式文件:

Werkzeg 是用于 Python 的 WSGI 实用程序库。

然而，当我运行 Flask web 应用程序时，我注意到来自服务器的响应头包含:

HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 13
Server: Werkzeug/0.11.9 Python/2.7.10
Date: Tue, 03 May 2016 12:50:08 GMT

在第四行，服务器提到了 Werkzeug，但是 Werkzeug到底是什么，它是像 Apache一样的 Web 服务器吗？

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最佳答案

No, it is not a web server like Apache. It's a CGI library. Since Apache (or your Flask application) is probably using the library to serve some HTTP requests, it probably adds that header into the response.

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Because it's not.

In your setup your most probably using the "development server" (the run_simple function) for testing. So it is in this use-case like a (very) poor man's Apache, but only in a sense that it's able to answer HTTP requests correctly.

If you check the docs http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/docs/serving/ , you'll see the following note:

The development server is not intended to be used on production systems. It was designed especially for development purposes and performs poorly under high load. For deployment setups have a look at the Application Deployment pages.

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No it isn't

Werkzeug(WSGI library) is like a communicator between your python code and http nginx/apache server

Here is the Complete use case of Werkzeug WSGI:

WSGI has two sides: the "server" or "gateway" side (often a web server such as Apache or Nginx), and the "application" or "framework" side (the Python script itself). To process a WSGI request, the server side executes the application and provides environment information and a callback function to the application side. The application processes the request, returning the response to the server side using the callback function it was provided.

Between the server and the application, there may be a WSGI middleware, which implements both sides of the API. The server receives a request from a client and forwards it to the middleware. After processing, it sends a request to the application. The application's response is forwarded by the middleware to the server and ultimately to the client. There may be multiple middlewares forming a stack of WSGI-compliant applications.

Hope it helps

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Werkzeug is primarily a library, not a web server, although it does provide a simple web server for development purposes. That development server is what's providing that Server: header.

To go into more detail:

First, let's talk about WSGI. There are a bunch of web servers out there, like Apache, Nginx, Lighttpd, etc. There are also a bunch of web frameworks written in Python, e.g. Django, Flask, Tornado, Pyramid, etc. It would be awfully convenient if these were all interoperable. That's where WSGI comes in. The idea is this:

  • There are two sides involved in responding to a client's HTTP request: the web server and the web application. The server handles the intricacies of the network connections, receiving the request, and sending the response. The application takes the request data, acts on it, and crafts the response for the server to send back.

  • If you want to write a Python web application, make sure it has a callable object (such as a function) that accepts certain parameters for HTTP headers, input form data, environment variables, etc.

  • If you want to write a web server that serves Python apps, make it call that callable object from the application every time an HTTP request comes in.

  • The WSGI specification (in PEP 3333) specifies exactly what the parameters for that callable must be and what the return value should be, so every server knows how to talk to every application and vice versa.

So, we know that every web application needs to provide this callable and be able to handle the specific parameters it receives. Every application needs to do this... That sounds like a good opportunity to use a library. Werkzeug is this library.

Werkzeug provides a bunch of utilities for developing WSGI-compliant applications. These utilities do things like parsing headers, sending and receiving cookies, providing access to form data, generating redirects, generating error pages when there's an exception, even providing an interactive debugger that runs in the browser. It's really quite comprehensive. Flask then builds upon this foundation (and Jinja, Click, etc.) to provide a complete web framework.

So, if Werkzeug is a library for applications, why is it showing up in the server header?

Werkzeug does have a module for the server role as well. This is purely for convenience purposes.

Installing and configuring a full-fledged web server like Apache or Nginx is a lot of effort, and almost certainly overkill just for testing your application on your own development box. For that reason, Werkzeug provides a development server: a simple web server that you can run with a single command and almost no configuration. When you do flask run (or werkzeug.serving.run_simple()), this development server is what you are getting. And the Server: header for the development server is—you guessed it—Werkzeug/<version> Python/<version>.

This server isn't meant for production use. At the very least, according to the docs, it doesn't scale well. But I wouldn't be surprised if there were other concerns as well, such as security.

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Flask python uses werkzeurg as a webserver for testing


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