用 Python 追踪网站？

Depending on what you want to achive, you are probably easiest calling the system ping command..

Using the subprocess module is the best way of doing this, although you have to remember the ping command is different on different operating systems!

import subprocess


host = "www.google.com"


ping = subprocess.Popen(
["ping", "-c", "4", host],
stdout = subprocess.PIPE,
stderr = subprocess.PIPE
)


out, error = ping.communicate()
print out

You don't need to worry about shell-escape characters. For example..

host = "google.com; `echo test`

..will not execute the echo command.

Now, to actually get the ping results, you could parse the out variable. Example output:

round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = 248.139/249.474/250.530/0.896 ms

Example regex:

import re
matcher = re.compile("round-trip min/avg/max/stddev = (\d+.\d+)/(\d+.\d+)/(\d+.\d+)/(\d+.\d+)")
print matcher.search(out).groups()


# ('248.139', '249.474', '250.530', '0.896')

Again, remember the output will vary depending on operating system (and even the version of ping). This isn't ideal, but it will work fine in many situations (where you know the machines the script will be running on)

It's hard to say what your question is, but there are some alternatives.

If you mean to literally execute a request using the ICMP ping protocol, you can get an ICMP library and execute the ping request directly. Google "Python ICMP" to find things like this icmplib. You might want to look at scapy, also.

This will be much faster than using os.system("ping " + ip ).

If you mean to generically "ping" a box to see if it's up, you can use the echo protocol on port 7.

For echo, you use the socket library to open the IP address and port 7. You write something on that port, send a carriage return ("\r\n") and then read the reply.

If you mean to "ping" a web site to see if the site is running, you have to use the http protocol on port 80.

For or properly checking a web server, you use urllib2 to open a specific URL. (/index.html is always popular) and read the response.

There are still more potential meaning of "ping" including "traceroute" and "finger".

You may find Noah Gift's presentation Creating Agile Commandline Tools With Python. In it he combines subprocess, Queue and threading to develop solution that is capable of pinging hosts concurrently and speeding up the process. Below is a basic version before he adds command line parsing and some other features. The code to this version and others can be found here

#!/usr/bin/env python2.5
from threading import Thread
import subprocess
from Queue import Queue


num_threads = 4
queue = Queue()
ips = ["10.0.1.1", "10.0.1.3", "10.0.1.11", "10.0.1.51"]
#wraps system ping command
def pinger(i, q):
"""Pings subnet"""
while True:
ip = q.get()
print "Thread %s: Pinging %s" % (i, ip)
ret = subprocess.call("ping -c 1 %s" % ip,
shell=True,
stdout=open('/dev/null', 'w'),
stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
if ret == 0:
print "%s: is alive" % ip
else:
print "%s: did not respond" % ip
q.task_done()
#Spawn thread pool
for i in range(num_threads):


worker = Thread(target=pinger, args=(i, queue))
worker.setDaemon(True)
worker.start()
#Place work in queue
for ip in ips:
queue.put(ip)
#Wait until worker threads are done to exit
queue.join()

He is also author of: Python for Unix and Linux System Administration

http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/515qmR%2B4sjL._SL500_AA240_.jpg

See this pure Python ping by Matthew Dixon Cowles and Jens Diemer. Also, remember that Python requires root to spawn ICMP (i.e. ping) sockets in linux.

import ping, socket
try:
ping.verbose_ping('www.google.com', count=3)
delay = ping.Ping('www.wikipedia.org', timeout=2000).do()
except socket.error, e:
print "Ping Error:", e

The source code itself is easy to read, see the implementations of verbose_ping and of Ping.do for inspiration.

using system ping command to ping a list of hosts:

import re
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
from threading import Thread




class Pinger(object):
def __init__(self, hosts):
for host in hosts:
pa = PingAgent(host)
pa.start()


class PingAgent(Thread):
def __init__(self, host):
Thread.__init__(self)
self.host = host


def run(self):
p = Popen('ping -n 1 ' + self.host, stdout=PIPE)
m = re.search('Average = (.*)ms', p.stdout.read())
if m: print 'Round Trip Time: %s ms -' % m.group(1), self.host
else: print 'Error: Invalid Response -', self.host




if __name__ == '__main__':
hosts = [
'www.pylot.org',
'www.goldb.org',
'www.google.com',
'www.yahoo.com',
'www.techcrunch.com',
'www.this_one_wont_work.com'
]
Pinger(hosts)

I did something similar this way, as an inspiration:

import urllib
import threading
import time


def pinger_urllib(host):
"""
helper function timing the retrival of index.html
TODO: should there be a 1MB bogus file?
"""
t1 = time.time()
urllib.urlopen(host + '/index.html').read()
return (time.time() - t1) * 1000.0




def task(m):
"""
the actual task
"""
delay = float(pinger_urllib(m))
print '%-30s %5.0f [ms]' % (m, delay)


# parallelization
tasks = []
URLs = ['google.com', 'wikipedia.org']
for m in URLs:
t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(m,))
t.start()
tasks.append(t)


# synchronization point
for t in tasks:
t.join()

You can find an updated version of the mentioned script that works on both Windows and Linux here

Here's a short snippet using subprocess. The check_call method either returns 0 for success, or raises an exception. This way, I don't have to parse the output of ping. I'm using shlex to split the command line arguments.

  import subprocess
import shlex


command_line = "ping -c 1 www.google.comsldjkflksj"
args = shlex.split(command_line)
try:
subprocess.check_call(args,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
print "Website is there."
except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
print "Couldn't get a ping."

read a file name, the file contain the one url per line, like this:

http://www.poolsaboveground.com/apache/hadoop/core/
http://mirrors.sonic.net/apache/hadoop/core/

use command:

python url.py urls.txt

get the result:

Round Trip Time: 253 ms - mirrors.sonic.net
Round Trip Time: 245 ms - www.globalish.com
Round Trip Time: 327 ms - www.poolsaboveground.com

source code(url.py):

import re
import sys
import urlparse
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
from threading import Thread




class Pinger(object):
def __init__(self, hosts):
for host in hosts:
hostname = urlparse.urlparse(host).hostname
if hostname:
pa = PingAgent(hostname)
pa.start()
else:
continue


class PingAgent(Thread):
def __init__(self, host):
Thread.__init__(self)
self.host = host


def run(self):
p = Popen('ping -n 1 ' + self.host, stdout=PIPE)
m = re.search('Average = (.*)ms', p.stdout.read())
if m: print 'Round Trip Time: %s ms -' % m.group(1), self.host
else: print 'Error: Invalid Response -', self.host




if __name__ == '__main__':
with open(sys.argv[1]) as f:
content = f.readlines()
Pinger(content)

import subprocess as s
ip=raw_input("Enter the IP/Domain name:")
if(s.call(["ping",ip])==0):
print "your IP is alive"
else:
print "Check ur IP"

Use this it's tested on python 2.7 and works fine it returns ping time in milliseconds if success and return False on fail.

import platform,subproccess,re
def Ping(hostname,timeout):
if platform.system() == "Windows":
command="ping "+hostname+" -n 1 -w "+str(timeout*1000)
else:
command="ping -i "+str(timeout)+" -c 1 " + hostname
proccess = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
matches=re.match('.*time=([0-9]+)ms.*', proccess.stdout.read(),re.DOTALL)
if matches:
return matches.group(1)
else:
return False

If you want something actually in Python, that you can play with, have a look at Scapy:

from scapy.all import *
request = IP(dst="www.google.com")/ICMP()
answer = sr1(request)

That's in my opinion much better (and fully cross-platform), than some funky subprocess calls. Also you can have as much information about the answer (sequence ID.....) as you want, as you have the packet itself.

Most simple answer is:

import os
os.system("ping google.com")

using subprocess ping command to ping decode it because the response is binary:

import subprocess
ping_response = subprocess.Popen(["ping", "-a", "google.com"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE).stdout.read()
result = ping_response.decode('utf-8')
print(result)

I develop a library that I think could help you. It is called icmplib (unrelated to any other code of the same name that can be found on the Internet) and is a pure implementation of the ICMP protocol in Python.

It is completely object oriented and has simple functions such as the classic ping, multiping and traceroute, as well as low level classes and sockets for those who want to develop applications based on the ICMP protocol.

Here are some other highlights:

• Can be run without root privileges.
• You can customize many parameters such as the payload of ICMP packets and the traffic class (QoS).
• Cross-platform: tested on Linux, macOS and Windows.
• Fast and requires few CPU / RAM resources unlike calls made with subprocess.
• Lightweight and does not rely on any additional dependencies.

To install it (Python 3.6+ required):

pip3 install icmplib

Here is a simple example of the ping function:

host = ping('1.1.1.1', count=4, interval=1, timeout=2, privileged=True)


if host.is_alive:
print(f'{host.address} is alive! avg_rtt={host.avg_rtt} ms')
else:
print(f'{host.address} is dead')

Set the "privileged" parameter to False if you want to use the library without root privileges.

You can find the complete documentation on the project page: https://github.com/ValentinBELYN/icmplib

Hope you will find this library useful.

you might try socket to get ip of the site and use scrapy to excute icmp ping to the ip.

import gevent
from gevent import monkey
# monkey.patch_all() should be executed before any library that will
# standard library
monkey.patch_all()


import socket
from scapy.all import IP, ICMP, sr1




def ping_site(fqdn):
ip = socket.gethostbyaddr(fqdn)[-1][0]
print(fqdn, ip, '\n')
icmp = IP(dst=ip)/ICMP()
resp = sr1(icmp, timeout=10)
if resp:
return (fqdn, False)
else:
return (fqdn, True)




sites = ['www.google.com', 'www.baidu.com', 'www.bing.com']
jobs = [gevent.spawn(ping_site, fqdn) for fqdn in sites]
gevent.joinall(jobs)
print([job.value for job in jobs])

On python 3 you can use ping3.

from ping3 import ping, verbose_ping
ip-host = '8.8.8.8'
if not ping(ip-host):
raise ValueError('{} is not available.'.format(ip-host))

If you only want to check whether a machine on an IP is active or not, you can just use python sockets.

import socket
s = socket.socket()
try:
s.connect(("192.168.1.123", 1234)) # You can use any port number here
except Exception as e:
print(e.errno, e)

Now, according to the error message displayed (or the error number), you can determine whether the machine is active or not.