在 Java 中向 HashMap 添加空键或值有什么用？

I'm not positive what you're asking, but if you're looking for an example of when one would want to use a null key, I use them often in maps to represent the default case (i.e. the value that should be used if a given key isn't present):

Map<A, B> foo;
A search;
B val = foo.containsKey(search) ? foo.get(search) : foo.get(null);

HashMap handles null keys specially (since it can't call .hashCode() on a null object), but null values aren't anything special, they're stored in the map like anything else

One example would be for modeling trees. If you are using a HashMap to represent a tree structure, where the key is the parent and the value is list of children, then the values for the null key would be the root nodes.

Here's my only-somewhat-contrived example of a case where the null key can be useful:

public class Timer {
private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(Timer.class);
private static final Map<String, Long> START_TIMES = new HashMap<String, Long>();


public static synchronized void start() {
long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
if (START_TIMES.containsKey(null)) {
LOG.warn("Anonymous timer was started twice without being stopped; previous timer has run for " + (now - START_TIMES.get(null).longValue()) +"ms");
}
START_TIMES.put(null, now);
}


public static synchronized long stop() {
if (! START_TIMES.containsKey(null)) {
return 0;
}


return printTimer("Anonymous", START_TIMES.remove(null), System.currentTimeMillis());
}


public static synchronized void start(String name) {
long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
if (START_TIMES.containsKey(name)) {
LOG.warn(name + " timer was started twice without being stopped; previous timer has run for " + (now - START_TIMES.get(name).longValue()) +"ms");
}
START_TIMES.put(name, now);
}


public static synchronized long stop(String name) {
if (! START_TIMES.containsKey(name)) {
return 0;
}


return printTimer(name, START_TIMES.remove(name), System.currentTimeMillis());
}


private static long printTimer(String name, long start, long end) {
LOG.info(name + " timer ran for " + (end - start) + "ms");
return end - start;
}
}

Another example : I use it to group Data by date. But some data don't have date. I can group it with the header "NoDate"

The answers so far only consider the worth of have a null key, but the question also asks about any number of null values.

The benefit of storing the value null against a key in a HashMap is the same as in databases, etc - you can record a distinction between having a value that is empty (e.g. string ""), and not having a value at all (null).

One example of usage for null values is when using a HashMap as a cache for results of an expensive operation (such as a call to an external web service) which may return null.

Putting a null value in the map then allows you to distinguish between the case where the operation has not been performed for a given key (cache.containsKey(someKey) returns false), and where the operation has been performed but returned a null value (cache.containsKey(someKey) returns true, cache.get(someKey) returns null).

Without null values, you would have to either put some special value in the cache to indicate a null response, or simply not cache that response at all and perform the operation every time.

A null key can also be helpful when the map stores data for UI selections where the map key represents a bean field.

A corresponding null field value would for example be represented as "(please select)" in the UI selection.