HashMap 对于不同的密钥是线程安全的吗？

It depends on what you mean under "accessing". If you just reading, you can read even the same keys as long as visibility of data guarantied under "happens-before" rules. This means that HashMap shouldn't change and all changes (initial constructions) should be completed before any reader start to accessing HashMap.

If you change a HashMap in any way then your code is simply broken. @Stephen C provides very good explanation why.

EDIT: If the first case is your actual situation, I recommend you to use Collections.unmodifiableMap() to be shure that your HashMap is never changed. Objects which are pointed by HashMap should not change also, so aggressive using final keyword can help you.

And as @Lars Andren says, ConcurrentHashMap is best choice in most cases.

Just use a ConcurrentHashMap. The ConcurrentHashMap uses multiple locks which cover a range of hash buckets to reduce the chances of a lock being contested. There is a marginal performance impact to acquiring an uncontested lock.

To answer your original question: According to the javadoc, as long as the structure of the map doesn't change, your are fine. This mean no removing elements at all and no adding new keys that are not already in the map. Replacing the value associated with existing keys is fine.

If multiple threads access a hash map concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies the map structurally, it must be synchronized externally. (A structural modification is any operation that adds or deletes one or more mappings; merely changing the value associated with a key that an instance already contains is not a structural modification.)

Though it makes no guarantees about visibility. So you have to be willing to accept retrieving stale associations occasionally.

Modifying a HashMap without proper synchronization from two threads may easily lead to a race condition.

• When a put() leads to a resize of the internal table, this takes some time and the other thread continues to write to the old table.
• Two put() for different keys lead to an update of the same bucket if the keys' hashcodes are equal modulo the table size. (Actually, the relation between hashcode and bucket index is more complicated, but collisions may still occur.)

In @dotsid's answer he says this:

If you change a HashMap in any way then your code is simply broken.

He is correct. A HashMap that is updated without synchronization will break even if the threads are using disjoint sets of keys. Here are just some¹ of the things that can go wrong.

• If one thread does a put, then another thread may see a stale value for the hashmap's size.

• If one thread does a put with a key that is (currently) in the same hash bucket as the second thread's key, second thread's map entry might get lost, temporarily or permanently. It depends on how the hash chains (or whatever) are implemented.

• When a thread does a put that triggers a rebuild of the table, another thread may see transient or stale versions of the hashtable array reference, its size, its contents or the hash chains. Chaos may ensue.

• When a thread does a put for a key that collides with some key used by some other thread, and the latter thread does a put for its key, then the latter might see a stale copy of hash chain reference. Chaos may ensue.

• When one thread probes the table with a key that collides with one of some other thread's keys, it may encounter that key on the chain. It will call equals on that key, and if the threads are not synchronized, the equals method may encounter stale state in that key.

And if you have two threads simultaneously doing put or remove requests, there are numerous opportunities for race conditions.

I can think of three solutions:

1. Use a ConcurrentHashMap.
2. Use a regular HashMap but synchronize on the outside; e.g. using primitive mutexes, Lock objects, etcetera. But beware that this could lead to a concurrency bottleneck due to lock contention.
3. Use a different HashMap for each thread. If the threads really have a disjoint set of keys, then there should be no need (from an algorithmic perspective) for them to share a single Map. Indeed, if your algorithms involve the threads iterating the keys, values or entries of the map at some point, splitting the single map into multiple maps could give a significant speedup for that part of the processing.

^{1 - We cannot enumerate all of the possible things that could go wrong. For a start, we can't predict how all JVMs will handle the unspecified aspects of the JMM ... on all platforms. But you should NOT be relying on that kind of information anyway. All you need to know is that it is fundamentally wrong to use a HashMap like this. An application that does this is broken ... even if you haven't observed the symptoms of the brokenness yet.}