class C(object):
def __init__(self):
self._x = None
@property
def x(self):
"""I'm the 'x' property."""
print("getter of x called")
return self._x
@x.setter
def x(self, value):
print("setter of x called")
self._x = value
@x.deleter
def x(self):
print("deleter of x called")
del self._x
c = C()
c.x = 'foo' # setter called
foo = c.x # getter called
del c.x # deleter called
value = 'something'
obj.attribute = value
value = obj.attribute
del obj.attribute
如果稍后,你想修改设置和获取,你可以这样做,而不必修改用户代码,通过使用property装饰器:
class Obj:
"""property demo"""
#
@property # first decorate the getter method
def attribute(self): # This getter method name is *the* name
return self._attribute
#
@attribute.setter # the property decorates with `.setter` now
def attribute(self, value): # name, e.g. "attribute", is the same
self._attribute = value # the "value" name isn't special
#
@attribute.deleter # decorate with `.deleter`
def attribute(self): # again, the method name is the same
del self._attribute
class Obj:
def set_property(self, property, value): # don't do this
...
def get_property(self, property): # don't do this either
...
其次,这重复了两个特殊方法__setattr__和__getattr__的目的。
第三,我们还有setattr和getattr内置函数。
setattr(object, 'property_name', value)
getattr(object, 'property_name', default_value) # default is optional
@property装饰器用于创建getter和setter。
例如,我们可以修改设置行为来限制正在设置的值:
class Protective(object):
@property
def protected_value(self):
return self._protected_value
@protected_value.setter
def protected_value(self, value):
if acceptable(value): # e.g. type or range check
self._protected_value = value
class Protective(object):
"""protected property demo"""
#
def __init__(self, start_protected_value=0):
self.protected_value = start_protected_value
#
@property
def protected_value(self):
return self._protected_value
#
@protected_value.setter
def protected_value(self, value):
if value != int(value):
raise TypeError("protected_value must be an integer")
if 0 <= value <= 100:
self._protected_value = int(value)
else:
raise ValueError("protected_value must be " +
"between 0 and 100 inclusive")
#
@protected_value.deleter
def protected_value(self):
raise AttributeError("do not delete, protected_value can be set to 0")
>>> p1 = Protective(3)
>>> p1.protected_value
3
>>> p1 = Protective(5.0)
>>> p1.protected_value
5
>>> p2 = Protective(-5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 3, in __init__
File "<stdin>", line 15, in protected_value
ValueError: protectected_value must be between 0 and 100 inclusive
>>> p1.protected_value = 7.3
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 17, in protected_value
TypeError: protected_value must be an integer
>>> p1.protected_value = 101
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 15, in protected_value
ValueError: protectected_value must be between 0 and 100 inclusive
>>> del p1.protected_value
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 18, in protected_value
AttributeError: do not delete, protected_value can be set to 0
from objects import properties, self_properties
class Car:
with properties(locals(), 'meta') as meta:
@meta.prop(read_only=True)
def brand(self) -> str:
"""Brand"""
@meta.prop(read_only=True)
def max_speed(self) -> float:
"""Maximum car speed"""
@meta.prop(listener='_on_acceleration')
def speed(self) -> float:
"""Speed of the car"""
return 0 # Default stopped
@meta.prop(listener='_on_off_listener')
def on(self) -> bool:
"""Engine state"""
return False
def __init__(self, brand: str, max_speed: float = 200):
self_properties(self, locals())
def _on_off_listener(self, prop, old, on):
if on:
print(f"{self.brand} Turned on, Runnnnnn")
else:
self._speed = 0
print(f"{self.brand} Turned off.")
def _on_acceleration(self, prop, old, speed):
if self.on:
if speed > self.max_speed:
print(f"{self.brand} {speed}km/h Bang! Engine exploded!")
self.on = False
else:
print(f"{self.brand} New speed: {speed}km/h")
else:
print(f"{self.brand} Car is off, no speed change")
这个类可以这样使用:
mycar = Car('Ford')
# Car is turned off
for speed in range(0, 300, 50):
mycar.speed = speed
# Car is turned on
mycar.on = True
for speed in range(0, 350, 50):
mycar.speed = speed
这段代码将产生以下输出:
Ford Car is off, no speed change
Ford Car is off, no speed change
Ford Car is off, no speed change
Ford Car is off, no speed change
Ford Car is off, no speed change
Ford Car is off, no speed change
Ford Turned on, Runnnnnn
Ford New speed: 0km/h
Ford New speed: 50km/h
Ford New speed: 100km/h
Ford New speed: 150km/h
Ford New speed: 200km/h
Ford 250km/h Bang! Engine exploded!
Ford Turned off.
Ford Car is off, no speed change
# Python program displaying the use of @property
class AgeSet:
def __init__(self):
self._age = 0
# using property decorator a getter function
@property
def age(self):
print("getter method called")
return self._age
# a setter function
@age.setter
def age(self, a):
if(a < 18):
raise ValueError("Sorry your age is below eligibility criteria")
print("setter method called")
self._age = a
pkj = AgeSet()
pkj.age = int(input("set the age using setter: "))
print(pkj.age)