在 Swift 函数中从异步调用返回数据

我已经在我的 Swift 项目中创建了一个实用工具类，它可以处理所有 REST 请求和响应。我已经构建了一个简单的 REST API，这样我就可以测试我的代码。我已经创建了一个需要返回 NSArray 的类方法，但是因为 API 调用是异步的，所以我需要从异步调用中的方法返回。问题是异步返回 void。 如果我在 Node 中这样做，我会使用 JS 承诺，但是我不能找到一个可以在 Swift 中工作的解决方案。

import Foundation


class Bookshop {
class func getGenres() -> NSArray {
println("Hello inside getGenres")
let urlPath = "http://creative.coventry.ac.uk/~bookshop/v1.1/index.php/genre/list"
println(urlPath)
let url: NSURL = NSURL(string: urlPath)
let session = NSURLSession.sharedSession()
var resultsArray:NSArray!
let task = session.dataTaskWithURL(url, completionHandler: {data, response, error -> Void in
println("Task completed")
if(error) {
println(error.localizedDescription)
}
var err: NSError?
var options:NSJSONReadingOptions = NSJSONReadingOptions.MutableContainers
var jsonResult = NSJSONSerialization.JSONObjectWithData(data, options: options, error: &err) as NSDictionary
if(err != nil) {
println("JSON Error \(err!.localizedDescription)")
}
//NSLog("jsonResults %@", jsonResult)
let results: NSArray = jsonResult["genres"] as NSArray
NSLog("jsonResults %@", results)
resultsArray = results
return resultsArray // error [anyObject] is not a subType of 'Void'
})
task.resume()
//return "Hello World!"
// I want to return the NSArray...
}
}
80627 次浏览
小开

You can pass callback, and call callback inside async call

something like:

class func getGenres(completionHandler: (genres: NSArray) -> ()) {
...
let task = session.dataTaskWithURL(url) {
data, response, error in
...
resultsArray = results
completionHandler(genres: resultsArray)
}
...
task.resume()
}

and then call this method:

override func viewDidLoad() {
Bookshop.getGenres {
genres in
println("View Controller: \(genres)")
}
}
小开

Swiftz already offers Future, which is the basic building block of a Promise. A Future is a Promise that cannot fail (all terms here are based on the Scala interpretation, where a Promise is a Monad).

https://github.com/maxpow4h/swiftz/blob/master/swiftz/Future.swift

Hopefully will expand to a full Scala-style Promise eventually (I may write it myself at some point; I'm sure other PRs would be welcome; it's not that difficult with Future already in place).

In your particular case, I would probably create a Result<[Book]> (based on Alexandros Salazar's version of Result). Then your method signature would be:

class func fetchGenres() -> Future<Result<[Book]>> {

Notes

  • I do not recommend prefixing functions with get in Swift. It will break certain kinds of interoperability with ObjC.
  • I recommend parsing all the way down to a Book object before returning your results as a Future. There are several ways this system can fail, and it's much more convenient if you check for all of those things before wrapping them up into a Future. Getting to [Book] is much better for the rest of your Swift code than handing around an NSArray.
小开

Swift 3 version of @Alexey Globchastyy's answer:

class func getGenres(completionHandler: @escaping (genres: NSArray) -> ()) {
...
let task = session.dataTask(with:url) {
data, response, error in
...
resultsArray = results
completionHandler(genres: resultsArray)
}
...
task.resume()
}
小开 
self.urlSession.dataTask(with: request, completionHandler: { (data, response, error) in
self.endNetworkActivity()


var responseError: Error? = error
// handle http response status
if let httpResponse = response as? HTTPURLResponse {


if httpResponse.statusCode > 299 , httpResponse.statusCode != 422  {
responseError = NSError.errorForHTTPStatus(httpResponse.statusCode)
}
}


var apiResponse: Response
if let _ = responseError {
apiResponse = Response(request, response as? HTTPURLResponse, responseError!)
self.logError(apiResponse.error!, request: request)


// Handle if access token is invalid
if let nsError: NSError = responseError as NSError? , nsError.code == 401 {
DispatchQueue.main.async {
apiResponse = Response(request, response as? HTTPURLResponse, data!)
let message = apiResponse.message()
// Unautorized access
// User logout
return
}
}
else if let nsError: NSError = responseError as NSError? , nsError.code == 503 {
DispatchQueue.main.async {
apiResponse = Response(request, response as? HTTPURLResponse, data!)
let message = apiResponse.message()
// Down time
// Server is currently down due to some maintenance
return
}
}


} else {
apiResponse = Response(request, response as? HTTPURLResponse, data!)
self.logResponse(data!, forRequest: request)
}


self.removeRequestedURL(request.url!)


DispatchQueue.main.async(execute: { () -> Void in
completionHandler(apiResponse)
})
}).resume()
小开

Swift 4.0

For async Request-Response you can use completion handler. See below I have modified the solution with completion handle paradigm. 

func getGenres(_ completion: @escaping (NSArray) -> ()) {


let urlPath = "http://creative.coventry.ac.uk/~bookshop/v1.1/index.php/genre/list"
print(urlPath)


guard let url = URL(string: urlPath) else { return }


let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url) { (data, response, error) in
guard let data = data else { return }
do {
if let jsonResult = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: JSONSerialization.ReadingOptions.mutableContainers) as? NSDictionary {
let results = jsonResult["genres"] as! NSArray
print(results)
completion(results)
}
} catch {
//Catch Error here...
}
}
task.resume()
}

You can call this function as below:

getGenres { (array) in
// Do operation with array
}
小开

I hope you're not still stuck on this, but the short answer is that you can't do this in Swift.

An alternative approach would be to return a callback that will provide the data you need as soon as it is ready.

小开

Introduced in Swift 5.5 (iOS 15, macOS 12), we would now use the async-await pattern:

func fetchGenres() async throws -> [Genre] {
…
let (data, _) = try await URLSession.shared.dataTask(for: request)
return try JSONDecoder().decode([Genre].self, from: data)
}

And we would call it like:

let genres = try await fetchGenres()

The async-await syntax is far more concise and natural than the traditional completion handler pattern outlined in my original answer, below.

For more information, see Meet async/await in Swift.

The historic pattern is to use completion handlers closure.

For example, we would often use Result:

func fetchGenres(completion: @escaping (Result<[Genre], Error>) -> Void) {
...
URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: request) { data, _, error in
if let error = error {
DispatchQueue.main.async {
completion(.failure(error))
}
return
}


// parse response here


let results = ...
DispatchQueue.main.async {
completion(.success(results))
}
}.resume()
}

And you’d call it like so:

fetchGenres { results in
switch results {
case .failure(let error):
print(error.localizedDescription)


case .success(let genres):
// use `genres` here, e.g. update model and UI
}
}


// but don’t try to use `genres` here, as the above runs asynchronously

Note, above I’m dispatching the completion handler back to the main queue to simplify model and UI updates. Some developers take exception to this practice and either use whatever queue URLSession used or use their own queue (requiring the caller to manually synchronize the results themselves).

But that’s not material here. The key issue is the use of completion handler to specify the block of code to be run when the asynchronous request is done.

Note, above I retired the use of NSArray (we don’t use those bridged Objective-C types any more). I assume that we had a Genre type and we presumably used JSONDecoder, rather than JSONSerialization, to decode it. But this question didn’t have enough information about the underlying JSON to get into the details here, so I omitted that to avoid clouding the core issue, the use of closures as completion handlers.

小开

There are mainly 3 ways of achieving callback in swift

  1. Closures/Completion handler

  2. Delegates

  3. Notifications

Observers can also be used to get notified once the async task has been completed.

小开

There are 3 ways of creating call back functions namely: 1. Completion handler 2. Notification 3. Delegates

Completion Handler Inside set of block is executed and returned when source is available, Handler will wait until response comes so that UI can be updated after.

Notification Bunch of information is triggered over all the app, Listner can retrieve n make use of that info. Async way of getting info through out the project.

Delegates Set of methods will get triggered when delegate is been called, Source must be provided via methods itself

小开

There are some very generic requirements that would like every good API Manager to satisfy: will implement a protocol-oriented API Client.

APIClient Initial Interface

protocol APIClient {
func send(_ request: APIRequest,
completion: @escaping (APIResponse?, Error?) -> Void)
}


protocol APIRequest: Encodable {
var resourceName: String { get }
}


protocol APIResponse: Decodable {
}

Now Please check complete api structure 

// ******* This is API Call Class  *****
public typealias ResultCallback<Value> = (Result<Value, Error>) -> Void


/// Implementation of a generic-based  API client
public class APIClient {
private let baseEndpointUrl = URL(string: "irl")!
private let session = URLSession(configuration: .default)


public init() {


}


/// Sends a request to servers, calling the completion method when finished
public func send<T: APIRequest>(_ request: T, completion: @escaping ResultCallback<DataContainer<T.Response>>) {
let endpoint = self.endpoint(for: request)


let task = session.dataTask(with: URLRequest(url: endpoint)) { data, response, error in
if let data = data {
do {
// Decode the top level response, and look up the decoded response to see
// if it's a success or a failure
let apiResponse = try JSONDecoder().decode(APIResponse<T.Response>.self, from: data)


if let dataContainer = apiResponse.data {
completion(.success(dataContainer))
} else if let message = apiResponse.message {
completion(.failure(APIError.server(message: message)))
} else {
completion(.failure(APIError.decoding))
}
} catch {
completion(.failure(error))
}
} else if let error = error {
completion(.failure(error))
}
}
task.resume()
}


/// Encodes a URL based on the given request
/// Everything needed for a public request to api servers is encoded directly in this URL
private func endpoint<T: APIRequest>(for request: T) -> URL {
guard let baseUrl = URL(string: request.resourceName, relativeTo: baseEndpointUrl) else {
fatalError("Bad resourceName: \(request.resourceName)")
}


var components = URLComponents(url: baseUrl, resolvingAgainstBaseURL: true)!


// Common query items needed for all api requests
let timestamp = "\(Date().timeIntervalSince1970)"
let hash = "\(timestamp)"
let commonQueryItems = [
URLQueryItem(name: "ts", value: timestamp),
URLQueryItem(name: "hash", value: hash),
URLQueryItem(name: "apikey", value: "")
]


// Custom query items needed for this specific request
let customQueryItems: [URLQueryItem]


do {
customQueryItems = try URLQueryItemEncoder.encode(request)
} catch {
fatalError("Wrong parameters: \(error)")
}


components.queryItems = commonQueryItems + customQueryItems


// Construct the final URL with all the previous data
return components.url!
}
}


// ******  API Request Encodable Protocol *****
public protocol APIRequest: Encodable {
/// Response (will be wrapped with a DataContainer)
associatedtype Response: Decodable


/// Endpoint for this request (the last part of the URL)
var resourceName: String { get }
}


// ****** This Results type  Data Container Struct ******
public struct DataContainer<Results: Decodable>: Decodable {
public let offset: Int
public let limit: Int
public let total: Int
public let count: Int
public let results: Results
}
// ***** API Errro Enum ****
public enum APIError: Error {
case encoding
case decoding
case server(message: String)
}




// ****** API Response Struct ******
public struct APIResponse<Response: Decodable>: Decodable {
/// Whether it was ok or not
public let status: String?
/// Message that usually gives more information about some error
public let message: String?
/// Requested data
public let data: DataContainer<Response>?
}


// ***** URL Query Encoder OR JSON Encoder *****
enum URLQueryItemEncoder {
static func encode<T: Encodable>(_ encodable: T) throws -> [URLQueryItem] {
let parametersData = try JSONEncoder().encode(encodable)
let parameters = try JSONDecoder().decode([String: HTTPParam].self, from: parametersData)
return parameters.map { URLQueryItem(name: $0, value: $1.description) }
}
}


// ****** HTTP Pamater Conversion Enum *****
enum HTTPParam: CustomStringConvertible, Decodable {
case string(String)
case bool(Bool)
case int(Int)
case double(Double)


init(from decoder: Decoder) throws {
let container = try decoder.singleValueContainer()


if let string = try? container.decode(String.self) {
self = .string(string)
} else if let bool = try? container.decode(Bool.self) {
self = .bool(bool)
} else if let int = try? container.decode(Int.self) {
self = .int(int)
} else if let double = try? container.decode(Double.self) {
self = .double(double)
} else {
throw APIError.decoding
}
}


var description: String {
switch self {
case .string(let string):
return string
case .bool(let bool):
return String(describing: bool)
case .int(let int):
return String(describing: int)
case .double(let double):
return String(describing: double)
}
}
}


/// **** This is your API Request Endpoint  Method in Struct *****
public struct GetCharacters: APIRequest {
public typealias Response = [MyCharacter]


public var resourceName: String {
return "characters"
}


// Parameters
public let name: String?
public let nameStartsWith: String?
public let limit: Int?
public let offset: Int?


// Note that nil parameters will not be used
public init(name: String? = nil,
nameStartsWith: String? = nil,
limit: Int? = nil,
offset: Int? = nil) {
self.name = name
self.nameStartsWith = nameStartsWith
self.limit = limit
self.offset = offset
}
}


// *** This is Model for Above Api endpoint method ****
public struct MyCharacter: Decodable {
public let id: Int
public let name: String?
public let description: String?
}




// ***** These below line you used to call any api call in your controller or view model ****
func viewDidLoad() {
let apiClient = APIClient()


// A simple request with no parameters
apiClient.send(GetCharacters()) { response in


response.map { dataContainer in
print(dataContainer.results)
}
}


}
小开

This is a small use case that might be helpful:- 

func testUrlSession(urlStr:String, completionHandler: @escaping ((String) -> Void)) {
let url = URL(string: urlStr)!




let task = URLSession.shared.dataTask(with: url){(data, response, error) in
guard let data = data else { return }
if let strContent = String(data: data, encoding: .utf8) {
completionHandler(strContent)
}
}




task.resume()
}

While calling the function:-

testUrlSession(urlStr: "YOUR-URL") { (value) in
print("Your string value ::- \(value)")
}
小开

Swift 5.5:

TL;DR: Swift 5.5 is not yet released(at the time of writing). To use swift 5.5, download swift toolchain development snapshot from here and add compiler flag -Xfrontend -enable-experimental-concurrency. Read more here

This can be achieved easily with async/await feature.

To do so, you should mark your function as async then do the operation inside withUnsafeThrowingContinuation block like following.

class Bookshop {
class func getGenres() async throws -> NSArray {
print("Hello inside getGenres")
let urlPath = "http://creative.coventry.ac.uk/~bookshop/v1.1/index.php/genre/list"
print(urlPath)
let url = URL(string: urlPath)!
let session = URLSession.shared
return try await withUnsafeThrowingContinuation { continuation in
let task = session.dataTask(with: url, completionHandler: {data, response, error -> Void in
print("Task completed")
if(error != nil) {
print(error!.localizedDescription)
continuation.resume(throwing: error!)
return
}
do {
let jsonResult = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data!, options: .mutableContainers) as? [String: Any]
let results: NSArray = jsonResult!["genres"] as! NSArray
continuation.resume(returning: results)
} catch {
continuation.resume(throwing: error)
}
})
task.resume()
}
}
}

And you can call this function like

@asyncHandler
func check() {
do {
let genres = try await Bookshop.getGenres()
print("Result: \(genres)")
} catch {
print("Error: \(error)")
}
}

Keep in mind that, when calling Bookshop.getGenres method, the caller method should be either async or marked as @asyncHandler

小开

Swift 5.5, async/wait-based solution

The original test URL provided by the original poster is no longer functional, so I had to change things a bit. This solution is based on a jokes API I found. That API returns a single joke, but I return it as an array of String ([String]), to keep it as consistent as possible with the original post.


class Bookshop {
class func getGenres() async -> [String] {
print("Hello inside getGenres")
let urlPath = "https://geek-jokes.sameerkumar.website/api?format=json"
print(urlPath)
let url = URL(string: urlPath)!
let session = URLSession.shared
        

typealias Continuation = CheckedContinuation<[String], Never>
let genres = await withCheckedContinuation { (continuation: Continuation) in
let task = session.dataTask(with: url) { data, response, error in
print("Task completed")
                

var result: [String] = []
defer {
continuation.resume(returning: result)
}
                

if let error = error {
print(error.localizedDescription)
return
}
guard let data = data else {
return
}
                

do {
let jsonResult = try JSONSerialization.jsonObject(with: data, options: [.mutableContainers])
print("jsonResult is \(jsonResult)")
if let joke = (jsonResult as? [String: String])?["joke"] {
result = [joke]
}
} catch {
print("JSON Error \(error.localizedDescription)")
print("data was \(String(describing: String(data: data, encoding: .utf8)))")
return
}
}
task.resume()
}
        

return genres
}
}


async {
let final = await Bookshop.getGenres()
print("Final is \(final)")
}

The withCheckedContinuation is how you made the Swift async function actually run in a separate task/thread.


提交答案