where algorithm is a number or a short alphanumeric string encoding the choice of algorithm, parameters is a printable string, and salt and output are encoded in Base64 without terminating =.
16 bytes are enough for the salt and the output. (See e.g. recommendations for Argon2.) Encoded in Base64, that's 21 characters each. The other two parts depend on the algorithm and parameters, but 20–40 characters are typical. That's a total of about 82 ASCII characters (CHAR(82), and no need for Unicode), to which you should add a safety margin if you think it's going to be difficult to enlarge the field later.
If you encode the hash in a binary format, you can get it down to 1 byte for the algorithm, 1–4 bytes for the hardness (if you hard-code some of the parameters), and 16 bytes each for the salt and output, for a total of 37 bytes. Say 40 bytes (BINARY(40)) to have at least a couple of spare bytes. Note that these are 8-bit bytes, not printable characters, in particular the field can include null bytes.
Note that the length of the hash is completely unrelated to the length of the password.