在 bash 的 if 条件中使用正则表达式

我想知道在 bash 中 if 子句中使用正则表达式的一般规则是什么？

这里有一个例子

$ gg=svm-grid-ch
$ if [[ $gg == *grid* ]] ; then echo $gg; fi
svm-grid-ch
$ if [[ $gg == ^....grid* ]] ; then echo $gg; fi
$ if [[ $gg == ....grid* ]] ; then echo $gg; fi
$ if [[ $gg == s...grid* ]] ; then echo $gg; fi
$

为什么最后三个不匹配？

希望您能给出尽可能多的一般规则，而不仅仅是这个例子。

245033 次浏览
小开 
if [[ $gg =~ ^....grid.* ]]
小开

=~

for regular expression check Regular Expressions Tutorial Table of Contents

小开
最佳答案

When using a glob pattern, a question mark represents a single character and an asterisk represents a sequence of zero or more characters:

if [[ $gg == ????grid* ]] ; then echo $gg; fi

When using a regular expression, a dot represents a single character and an asterisk represents zero or more of the preceding character. So ".*" represents zero or more of any character, "a*" represents zero or more "a", "[0-9]*" represents zero or more digits. Another useful one (among many) is the plus sign which represents one or more of the preceding character. So "[a-z]+" represents one or more lowercase alpha character (in the C locale - and some others).

if [[ $gg =~ ^....grid.*$ ]] ; then echo $gg; fi
小开

@OP,

Is glob pettern not only used for file names?

No, "glob" pattern is not only used for file names. you an use it to compare strings as well. In your examples, you can use case/esac to look for strings patterns.

 gg=svm-grid-ch
# looking for the word "grid" in the string $gg
case "$gg" in
*grid* ) echo "found";;
esac


# [[ $gg =~ ^....grid* ]]
case "$gg" in ????grid*) echo "found";; esac


# [[ $gg =~ s...grid* ]]
case "$gg" in s???grid*) echo "found";; esac

In bash, when to use glob pattern and when to use regular expression? Thanks!

Regex are more versatile and "convenient" than "glob patterns", however unless you are doing complex tasks that "globbing/extended globbing" cannot provide easily, then there's no need to use regex. Regex are not supported for version of bash <3.2 (as dennis mentioned), but you can still use extended globbing (by setting extglob ). for extended globbing, see here and some simple examples here.

Update for OP: Example to find files that start with 2 characters (the dots "." means 1 char) followed by "g" using regex

eg output

$ shopt -s dotglob
$ ls -1 *
abg
degree
..g


$ for file in *; do [[ $file =~ "..g" ]] && echo $file ; done
abg
degree
..g

In the above, the files are matched because their names contain 2 characters followed by "g". (ie ..g).

The equivalent with globbing will be something like this: (look at reference for meaning of ? and * )

$ for file in ??g*; do echo $file; done
abg
degree
..g
小开

Adding this solution with grep and basic sh builtins for those interested in a more portable solution (independent of bash version; also works with plain old sh, on non-Linux platforms etc.)

# GLOB matching
gg=svm-grid-ch
case "$gg" in
*grid*) echo $gg ;;
esac


# REGEXP
if echo "$gg" | grep '^....grid*' >/dev/null ; then echo $gg ; fi
if echo "$gg" | grep '....grid*' >/dev/null ; then echo $gg ; fi
if echo "$gg" | grep 's...grid*' >/dev/null ; then echo $gg ; fi


# Extended REGEXP
if echo "$gg" | egrep '(^....grid*|....grid*|s...grid*)' >/dev/null ; then
echo $gg
fi

Some grep incarnations also support the -q (quiet) option as an alternative to redirecting to /dev/null, but the redirect is again the most portable.


提交答案