Python请求-打印整个http请求(原始)?

在使用requests模块时，是否有方法打印原始HTTP请求?

我不仅仅需要标题，我还需要请求行、标题和内容打印输出。是否有可能看到最终从HTTP请求构造什么?

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小开

注意:这个答案已经过时了。新版本的requests支持直接获取请求内容，如AntonioHerraizS's answer documents。

从requests中获取请求的真正的原始内容是不可能的，因为它只处理更高级别的对象，如头和方法类型。requests使用urllib3发送请求，但urllib3 也不处理原始数据——它使用httplib。下面是一个典型的请求堆栈跟踪:

-> r= requests.get("http://google.com")
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py(55)get()
-> return request('get', url, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py(44)request()
-> return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py(382)request()
-> resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py(485)send()
-> r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py(324)send()
-> timeout=timeout
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py(478)urlopen()
-> body=body, headers=headers)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py(285)_make_request()
-> conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
/usr/lib/python2.7/httplib.py(958)request()
-> self._send_request(method, url, body, headers)

在httplib机制内部，我们可以看到HTTPConnection._send_request间接使用HTTPConnection._send_output，后者最终创建原始请求而且主体(如果它存在的话)，并使用HTTPConnection.send分别发送它们。send最终到达套接字。

由于没有钩子来做你想做的事情，作为最后的手段，你可以猴子补丁httplib来获取内容。这是一个脆弱的解决方案，如果httplib被改变，你可能需要调整它。如果你打算使用这个解决方案来分发软件，你可能会考虑打包httplib，而不是使用系统的，这很简单，因为它是一个纯python模块。

唉，话不多说，解决方案:

import requests
import httplib


def patch_send():
old_send= httplib.HTTPConnection.send
def new_send( self, data ):
print data
return old_send(self, data) #return is not necessary, but never hurts, in case the library is changed
httplib.HTTPConnection.send= new_send


patch_send()
requests.get("http://www.python.org")

它产生输出:

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.python.org
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, compress
Accept: */*
User-Agent: python-requests/2.1.0 CPython/2.7.3 Linux/3.2.0-23-generic-pae
小开
最佳答案

自从v1.2.3 Requests添加了PreparedRequest对象。根据文档，“它包含将被发送到服务器的确切字节”。

你可以用它来打印一个请求，像这样:

import requests


req = requests.Request('POST','http://stackoverflow.com',headers={'X-Custom':'Test'},data='a=1&b=2')
prepared = req.prepare()


def pretty_print_POST(req):
"""
At this point it is completely built and ready
to be fired; it is "prepared".


However pay attention at the formatting used in
this function because it is programmed to be pretty
printed and may differ from the actual request.
"""
print('{}\n{}\r\n{}\r\n\r\n{}'.format(
'-----------START-----------',
req.method + ' ' + req.url,
'\r\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(k, v) for k, v in req.headers.items()),
req.body,
))


pretty_print_POST(prepared)

生产:

-----------START-----------
POST http://stackoverflow.com/
Content-Length: 7
X-Custom: Test


a=1&b=2

然后你可以用这个发送实际的请求:

s = requests.Session()
s.send(prepared)
这些链接指向可用的最新文档，因此它们的内容可能会发生变化: 高级—准备好的请求和API——低级类

小开

下面是一个代码，它是相同的，但有响应头:

import socket
def patch_requests():
old_readline = socket._fileobject.readline
if not hasattr(old_readline, 'patched'):
def new_readline(self, size=-1):
res = old_readline(self, size)
print res,
return res
new_readline.patched = True
socket._fileobject.readline = new_readline
patch_requests()

我花了很长时间找这个，所以我把它留在这里，如果有人需要的话。

小开

更好的想法是使用requests_toolbelt库，它可以将请求和响应都转储为字符串，以便打印到控制台。它处理了上面的解决方案不能很好处理的文件和编码的所有棘手情况。

其实很简单:

import requests
from requests_toolbelt.utils import dump


resp = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/redirect/5')
data = dump.dump_all(resp)
print(data.decode('utf-8'))

来源:https://toolbelt.readthedocs.org/en/latest/dumputils.html

你可以通过输入:

pip install requests_toolbelt
小开 
import requests


response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data={'key1': 'value1'})
print(response.request.url)
print(response.request.body)
print(response.request.headers)

Response对象有一个.request财产，它是被发送的PreparedRequest对象。

小开

我使用以下函数格式化请求。它类似于@AntonioHerraizS，只不过它也会在主体中漂亮地打印JSON对象，并且它标记了请求的所有部分。

format_json = functools.partial(json.dumps, indent=2, sort_keys=True)
indent = functools.partial(textwrap.indent, prefix='  ')


def format_prepared_request(req):
"""Pretty-format 'requests.PreparedRequest'


Example:
res = requests.post(...)
print(format_prepared_request(res.request))


req = requests.Request(...)
req = req.prepare()
print(format_prepared_request(res.request))
"""
headers = '\n'.join(f'{k}: {v}' for k, v in req.headers.items())
content_type = req.headers.get('Content-Type', '')
if 'application/json' in content_type:
try:
body = format_json(json.loads(req.body))
except json.JSONDecodeError:
body = req.body
else:
body = req.body
s = textwrap.dedent("""
REQUEST
=======
endpoint: {method} {url}
headers:
{headers}
body:
{body}
=======
""").strip()
s = s.format(
method=req.method,
url=req.url,
headers=indent(headers),
body=indent(body),
)
return s

我有一个类似的函数来格式化响应:

def format_response(resp):
"""Pretty-format 'requests.Response'"""
headers = '\n'.join(f'{k}: {v}' for k, v in resp.headers.items())
content_type = resp.headers.get('Content-Type', '')
if 'application/json' in content_type:
try:
body = format_json(resp.json())
except json.JSONDecodeError:
body = resp.text
else:
body = resp.text
s = textwrap.dedent("""
RESPONSE
========
status_code: {status_code}
headers:
{headers}
body:
{body}
========
""").strip()


s = s.format(
status_code=resp.status_code,
headers=indent(headers),
body=indent(body),
)
return s
小开

requests支持所谓的事件钩子(截至2.23，实际上只有response钩子)。钩子可以在请求上使用，打印完整的请求-响应对的数据，包括有效的URL，标题和主体，例如:

import textwrap
import requests


def print_roundtrip(response, *args, **kwargs):
format_headers = lambda d: '\n'.join(f'{k}: {v}' for k, v in d.items())
print(textwrap.dedent('''
---------------- request ----------------
{req.method} {req.url}
{reqhdrs}


{req.body}
---------------- response ----------------
{res.status_code} {res.reason} {res.url}
{reshdrs}


{res.text}
''').format(
req=response.request,
res=response,
reqhdrs=format_headers(response.request.headers),
reshdrs=format_headers(response.headers),
))


requests.get('https://httpbin.org/', hooks={'response': print_roundtrip})

运行它输出:

---------------- request ----------------
GET https://httpbin.org/
User-Agent: python-requests/2.23.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept: */*
Connection: keep-alive


None
---------------- response ----------------
200 OK https://httpbin.org/
Date: Thu, 14 May 2020 17:16:13 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 9593
Connection: keep-alive
Server: gunicorn/19.9.0
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true


<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
...
</html>

如果响应是二进制的，则可能需要将res.text更改为res.content。

小开

test_print.py内容:

import logging
import pytest
import requests
from requests_toolbelt.utils import dump




def print_raw_http(response):
data = dump.dump_all(response, request_prefix=b'', response_prefix=b'')
return '\n' * 2 + data.decode('utf-8')


@pytest.fixture
def logger():
log = logging.getLogger()
log.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler())
log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
return log


def test_print_response(logger):
session = requests.Session()
response = session.get('http://127.0.0.1:5000/')
assert response.status_code == 300, logger.warning(print_raw_http(response))

hello.py内容:

from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)


@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
return 'Hello, World!'

运行:

 $ python -m flask hello.py
$ python -m pytest test_print.py

Stdout:

------------------------------ Captured log call ------------------------------
DEBUG    urllib3.connectionpool:connectionpool.py:225 Starting new HTTP connection (1): 127.0.0.1:5000
DEBUG    urllib3.connectionpool:connectionpool.py:437 http://127.0.0.1:5000 "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 13
WARNING  root:test_print_raw_response.py:25


GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:5000
User-Agent: python-requests/2.23.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept: */*
Connection: keep-alive




HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 13
Server: Werkzeug/1.0.1 Python/3.6.8
Date: Thu, 24 Sep 2020 21:00:54 GMT


Hello, World!
小开

@AntonioHerraizS回答的一个分支 (HTTP版本丢失，如注释所述)

使用这段代码获得一个表示原始HTTP数据包的字符串，而不发送它:

import requests




def get_raw_request(request):
request = request.prepare() if isinstance(request, requests.Request) else request
headers = '\r\n'.join(f'{k}: {v}' for k, v in request.headers.items())
body = '' if request.body is None else request.body.decode() if isinstance(request.body, bytes) else request.body
return f'{request.method} {request.path_url} HTTP/1.1\r\n{headers}\r\n\r\n{body}'




headers = {'User-Agent': 'Test'}
request = requests.Request('POST', 'https://stackoverflow.com', headers=headers, json={"hello": "world"})
raw_request = get_raw_request(request)
print(raw_request)

结果:

POST / HTTP/1.1
User-Agent: Test
Content-Length: 18
Content-Type: application/json


{"hello": "world"}

💡还可以在响应对象中打印请求

r = requests.get('https://stackoverflow.com')
raw_request = get_raw_request(r.request)
print(raw_request)

提交答案