echo "${var}"echo "Substitute the value of var."
echo "${var:-word}"echo "If var is null or unset, word is substituted for var. The value of var does not change."
echo "${var:=word}"echo "If var is null or unset, var is set to the value of word."
echo "${var:?message}"echo "If var is null or unset, message is printed to standard error. This checks that variables are set correctly."
echo "${var:+word}"echo "If var is set, word is substituted for var. The value of var does not change."