The issue you are having is common and not explained well in the documentation. Normal devices do not include the sqlite3 database binary which is why you are getting an error. the Android Emeulator, OSX, Linux (if installed) and Windows (after installed) have the binary so you can open a database locally on your machine.
The workaround is to copy the Database from your device to your local machine. This can be accomplished with ADB but requires a number of steps.
Before you start you will need some information:
path of the SDK (if not included in your OS environment)
your <package name>, for example, com.example.application
a <local path> to place your database, eg. ~/Desktop or %userprofile%\Desktop
Next you will need to understand what terminal each command gets written to the first character in the examples below does not get typed but lets you know what shell we are in:
> = you OS command prompt
$ = ADB shell command Prompt
! = ADB shell as admin command prompt
%
Next enter the following commands from Terminal or Command (don't enter first character or text in ())
This is a really round about way of copying the database to your local machine and locally reading the database. There are SO and other resources explaining how to install the sqlite3 binary onto your device from an emulator but for one time access this process works.
Easiest way for me is using Android Device Monitor to get the database file and SQLite DataBase Browser to view the file while still using Android Studio to program android.
1) Run and launch database app with Android emulator from Android Studio. (I inserted some data to database app to verify)
2) Run Android Device Monitor. How to run?; Go to [your_folder] > sdk >tools. You can see monitor.bat in that folder. shift + right click inside the folder and select "Open command window here". This action will launch command prompt. type monitor and Android Device Monitor will be launched.
3) Select the emulator that you are currently running. Then Go to data>data>[your_app_name]>databases
4) Click on the icon (located at top right corner) (hover on the icon and you will see "pull a file from the device") and save anywhere you like
5) Launch SQLite DataBase Browser. Drag and drop the file that you just saved into that Browser.
6) Go to Browse Data tab and select your table to view.
There might be cases when you get "remote object not found" after following above procedure. Then change permission of your database folder to 755 in adb shell.
$ chmod 755 databases/
But please mind that it'll work only on android version < 21.