如何检查是否解决了角 $q 承诺

I think your best option as is, (without modifying the Angular source and submitting a pull request) is to keep a local flag for if the promise has been resolved. Reset it every time you setup the promise you're interested in and mark it as complete in the then() for the original promise. In the $timeout then() check the flag to know if the original promise has resolved yet or not.

Something like this:

var promiseCompleted = false;
promise.then(function(){promiseCompleted=true;})
$timeout(...).then(function(){if(!promiseCompleted)doStuff()})

Kris Kowal's implementation includes other methods for checking the state of the promise but it appears Angular's implementation of $q unfortunately doesn't include these.

I don't know your exact scenario but it is more typical to put a timeout in place immediately after making the asynchronous call (and generating the promise).

Providing the setTimeout() statement is in the same event thread as the asynchronous call, you needn't worry about the possibility of a race effect. As javascript is strictly single threaded, the promise's .then() callbacks are guaranteed to fire in a later event thread.

It doesn't seem to be possible, as @shaunhusain already mentioned. But maybe it's not necessary:

// shows stuff from 3s ahead to promise completetion,
// or does and undoes it in one step if promise completes before
$q.all(promise, $timeout(doStuff, 3000)).then(undoStuff);

or maybe better:

var tooSlow = $timeout(doStuff, 3000);
promise.always(tooSlow.cancel);

I have had a similar problem where I need to check if a promise has returned. Because AngularJS's $watch function will register a change while rendering the page even if both new and old values are undefined, I have to check to see if there is any data worth storing in my external model.

It is definitely a hack but I do this:

$scope.$watch('userSelection', function() {
if(promiseObject.hasOwnProperty("$$v"){
userExportableState.selection = $scope.userSelection;
}
};

I know that $$v is an internal variable used by AngularJS, but it has been quite reliable as an indicator of a resolved promise for us. Who knows what will happen when we upgrade to AngularJS 1.2 :-/ I don't see any mention of improvements to $q in the 1.2 docs but perhaps someone will write a replacement service with a better feature set closer to Q.

I guess this was added in a recent version of Angular but there seems to be now an $$state object on the promise:

 var deferred = $q.defer();
console.log(deferred.promise.$$state.status); // 0
deferred.resolve();
console.log(deferred.promise.$$state.status); //1

As noted in the comments this is not recommended as it might break when upgrading your Angular version.