如何从 python 中的单成员集中提取成员？

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最佳答案

Tuple unpacking works.

(element,) = myset

(By the way, python-dev has explored but rejected the addition of myset.get() to return an arbitrary element from a set. Discussion here, Guido van Rossum answers 1 and 2.)

My personal favorite for getting an arbitrary element is (when you have an unknown number, but also works if you have just one):

element = next(iter(myset)) ¹

1: in Python 2.5 and before, you have to use iter(myset).next()

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you can use element = tuple(myset)[0] which is a bit more efficient, or, you can do something like

element = iter(myset).next()

I guess constructing an iterator is more efficient than constructing a tuple/list.

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Between making a tuple and making an iterator, it's almost a wash, but iteration wins by a nose...:

$ python2.6 -mtimeit -s'x=set([1])' 'a=tuple(x)[0]'
1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.465 usec per loop
$ python2.6 -mtimeit -s'x=set([1])' 'a=tuple(x)[0]'
1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.465 usec per loop
$ python2.6 -mtimeit -s'x=set([1])' 'a=next(iter(x))'
1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.456 usec per loop
$ python2.6 -mtimeit -s'x=set([1])' 'a=next(iter(x))'
1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.456 usec per loop

Not sure why all the answers are using the older syntax iter(x).next() rather than the new one next(iter(x)), which seems preferable to me (and also works in Python 3.1).

However, unpacking wins hands-down over both:

$ python2.6 -mtimeit -s'x=set([1])' 'a,=x'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.174 usec per loop
$ python2.6 -mtimeit -s'x=set([1])' 'a,=x'
10000000 loops, best of 3: 0.174 usec per loop

This of course is for single-item sets (where the latter form, as others mentioned, has the advantage of failing fast if the set you "knew" had just one item actually had several). For sets with arbitrary N > 1 items, the tuple slows down, the iter doesn't:

$ python2.6 -mtimeit -s'x=set(range(99))' 'a=next(iter(x))'
1000000 loops, best of 3: 0.417 usec per loop
$ python2.6 -mtimeit -s'x=set(range(99))' 'a=tuple(x)[0]'
100000 loops, best of 3: 3.12 usec per loop

So, unpacking for the singleton case, and next(iter(x)) for the general case, seem best.

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I reckon kaizer.se's answer is great. But if your set might contain more than one element, and you want a not-so-arbitrary element, you might want to use min or max. E.g.:

element = min(myset)

or:

element = max(myset)

(Don't use sorted, because that has unnecessary overhead for this usage.)

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I suggest:

element = myset.pop()

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There is also Extended Iterable Unpacking which will work on a singleton set or a mulit-element set

element, *_ = myset

Though some bristle at the use of a throwaway variable.

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One way is to use reduce with lambda x: x.

from functools import reduce


> reduce(lambda x: x, {3})
3


> reduce(lambda x: x, {1, 2, 3})
TypeError: <lambda>() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given


> reduce(lambda x: x, {})
TypeError: reduce() of empty sequence with no initial value

Benefits:

Fails for multiple and zero values
Doesn't change the original set
Doesn't require data transformations (e.g., to list or iterable)
Doesn't need a new variable and can be passed as an argument
Arguably less awkward and PEP-compliant

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You can use the more-itertools package. All functions below will return one item from the set, with different behaviors if the set does not contain exactly one item:

more_itertools.one raises an exception if iterable is empty or has more than one item:

element = more_itertools.one(myset)

This works like (element,) = myset, but might not be as fast:

$ python3.11 -m timeit -s 'myset = {42}' '(element,) = myset'
5000000 loops, best of 5: 57.9 nsec per loop
$ python3.11 -m timeit -s 'from more_itertools import one
myset = {42}' 'element = one(myset)'
500000 loops, best of 5: 611 nsec per loop

more_itertools.only returns a default if iterable is empty or raises an exception if iterable has more than one item:
```
element = more_itertools.only(myset)
```
more_itertools.first raises an exception if iterable is empty, or a default when one is provided:
```
element = more_itertools.first(myset)
```
This works as element = next(iter(myset)), but is arguably more idiomatic.
more_itertools.first_true returns the first "truthy" value in the iterable or a default if iterable is empty:
```
element = more_itertools.first_true(myset)
```

You can also use the first package:

from first import first


element = first(myset)

This works like more_itertools.first_true, mentioned above.