Linux:如果目标目录不存在,复制并创建

我需要一个命令(可能是cp的一个选项)来创建目标目录(如果目标目录不存在)。

例子:

cp -? file /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there
515136 次浏览
mkdir -p "$d" && cp file "$d"

(没有这样的选项cp)。

Shell函数,做你想要的,称它为“埋葬”副本,因为它为文件挖了一个洞:

bury_copy() { mkdir -p `dirname $2` && cp "$1" "$2"; }

如果以下两个条件都成立:

  1. 您使用的是cp的GNU版本(而不是Mac版本),并且
  2. 您正在从一些现有的目录结构进行复制,您只需要重新创建它

然后你可以用cp--parents标志来做这件事。从信息页面(可以在http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/cp-invocation.html#cp-invocationinfo cpman cp处查看):

--parents
Form the name of each destination file by appending to the target
directory a slash and the specified name of the source file.  The
last argument given to `cp' must be the name of an existing
directory.  For example, the command:


cp --parents a/b/c existing_dir


copies the file `a/b/c' to `existing_dir/a/b/c', creating any
missing intermediate directories.

例子:

/tmp $ mkdir foo
/tmp $ mkdir foo/foo
/tmp $ touch foo/foo/foo.txt
/tmp $ mkdir bar
/tmp $ cp --parents foo/foo/foo.txt bar
/tmp $ ls bar/foo/foo
foo.txt

这里有一种方法:

mkdir -p `dirname /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there` \
&& cp -r file /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there

dirname将为您提供目标目录或文件的父目录。Mkdir -p ' dirname…'将创建该目录,确保当您调用cp -r时,正确的基目录已经就位。

这相对于——parents的优点是,它适用于目标路径中的最后一个元素是文件名的情况。

它可以在OS X上运行。

这么老的问题,但也许我可以提出另一种解决方案。

您可以使用install程序复制文件并“动态”创建目标路径。

install -D file /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there/file

不过,还是有一些方面需要考虑的:

  1. 你需要还要指定目标文件名,而不仅仅是目标路径
  2. 目标文件将可执行(至少,从我的测试中看到)

您可以通过添加-m选项来设置目标文件的权限来轻松修改#2(例如:-m 664将创建具有rw-rw-r--权限的目标文件,就像使用touch创建一个新文件一样)。


这里是无耻的链接到我受到启发的答案 =)

简短的回答

复制myfile.txt/foo/bar/myfile.txt,使用:

mkdir -p /foo/bar && cp myfile.txt $_

这是如何工作的呢?

这里有几个组件,所以我将一步一步地介绍所有语法。

mkdir实用程序按照POSIX标准的规定创建目录。根据文档,-p参数将导致mkdir

创建任何缺少的中间路径名组件

这意味着当调用mkdir -p /foo/bar时,mkdir将创建/foo 而且 /foo/bar(如果/foo不存在)。(如果没有-p,它将抛出一个错误。

&&列表操作符,正如在POSIX标准(或Bash手册,如果你喜欢)中所记录的那样,其效果是只有在mkdir -p /foo/bar成功执行时才执行cp myfile.txt $_。这意味着如果mkdir这是它可能失败的众多原因之一失败,cp命令将不会尝试执行。

最后,作为第二个参数传递给cp$_是一个“特殊参数”,可以方便地避免重复长参数(如文件路径),而不必将它们存储在变量中。根据Bash手册,它:

展开到上一个命令的最后一个参数

在本例中,这是我们传递给mkdir/foo/bar。因此,cp命令展开到cp myfile.txt /foo/bar,将myfile.txt复制到新创建的/foo/bar目录中。

注意,$_not POSIX标准的一部分,所以理论上Unix变体可能有一个不支持这个构造的shell。然而,我不知道任何现代shell不支持$_;当然Bash, Dash和zsh都喜欢。


最后注意:我在回答开头给出的命令假设目录名中没有空格。如果您正在处理带有空格的名称,则需要引用它们,以便不同的单词不会被视为mkdircp的不同参数。所以你的命令看起来是这样的:

mkdir -p "/my directory/name with/spaces" && cp "my filename with spaces.txt" "$_"
rsync file /path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there

如果您有正确的rsync类型,这可能会起作用。

cp有多个用法:

$ cp --help
Usage: cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
or:  cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
or:  cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...
Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

@AndyRoss的答案适用于

cp SOURCE DEST

样式的cp,但是如果你使用

cp SOURCE... DIRECTORY/

cp的样式。

我认为“DEST”在这种用法中没有结尾的斜杠是不明确的(即目标目录还不存在),这可能是cp从未为此添加选项的原因。

下面是这个函数的版本,在dest目录上强制加一个斜杠:

cp-p() {
last=${@: -1}


if [[ $# -ge 2 && "$last" == */ ]] ; then
# cp SOURCE... DEST/
mkdir -p "$last" && cp "$@"
else
echo "cp-p: (copy, creating parent dirs)"
echo "cp-p: Usage: cp-p SOURCE... DEST/"
fi
}

只需在你的.bashrc中添加以下代码,如果需要可以调整。适用于Ubuntu。

mkcp() {
test -d "$2" || mkdir -p "$2"
cp -r "$1" "$2"
}
< p >如 如果您想将“test”文件复制到目标目录“d” 使用< / p >
mkcp test a/b/c/d

mkcp将首先检查目标目录是否存在,如果不存在,然后复制源文件/目录。

从源复制到不存在的路径

mkdir –p /destination && cp –r /source/ $_

注意:该命令复制所有文件

cp –r复制所有文件夹及其内容

$_作为最后一个命令中创建的目标

# EYZ0

比如说你在做

cp file1.txt A/B/C/D/file.txt

其中A/B/C/D是还不存在的目录

一个可能的解决方案如下

DIR=$(dirname A/B/C/D/file.txt)
# DIR= "A/B/C/D"
mkdir -p $DIR
cp file1.txt A/B/C/D/file.txt

希望有帮助!

我尊重上面的答案,我更喜欢使用rsync如下所示:

$  rsync -a directory_name /path_where_to_inject_your_directory/

例子:

$ rsync -a test /usr/local/lib/

这对我来说很有用

cp -vaR ./from ./to

我为cp写了一个支持脚本,称为cp(注意大写字母),它的目的就是实现这一点。脚本将检查您输入的路径中是否有错误(除了最后一个是目标路径),如果一切正常,它将执行mkdir -p步骤,在开始复制之前创建目标路径。此时,常规cp实用程序将接管,您在cp中使用的任何开关(如-r, -p, -rpL将直接连接到cp)。在使用我的脚本之前,有几件事您需要了解。

  • 这里所有的信息都可以通过CP——help来获取。CP——help-all include的CP的开关。
  • 如果没有找到目标路径,常规cp将不会执行复制。你的目的地会被创建,所以如果你把目的地拼错为/usrr/share/icons或/usr/share/icon,那就会被创建。
  • 常规cp倾向于在现有路径上建模它的行为:cp /a/b /c/d将根据d是否存在而变化。如果d是一个已存在的文件夹,cp会将b复制到其中,生成/c/d/b。如果d不存在,b将被复制到c并重命名为d。如果d存在但是一个文件,b也是一个文件,它将被b的副本覆盖。如果c不存在,cp不执行复制并退出。

CP不能奢侈地从现有路径中获取线索,所以它必须有一些非常坚定的行为模式。CP假设要复制的项被放到目标路径中,而不是目标本身(也就是源文件/文件夹的重命名副本)。意义:

  • 如果d是一个文件夹,“CP /a/b /c/d”会得到/c/d/b
  • 如果/c/b中的b是一个文件夹,“CP /a/b /c/b”将生成/c/b/b。
  • 如果b和d都是文件:CP /a/b /c/d将生成/c/d(其中d是b的副本)。同样情况下CP /a/b /c/b也是如此。

这种默认CP行为可以通过“——rename”开关改变。在这种情况下,我们假设

  • "CP——rename /a/b /c/d"是将b复制到/c,并将副本重命名为d。

最后几点注意事项:与cp一样,cp可以一次复制多个项,最后列出的路径被假定为目的地。只要使用引号,它还可以处理带有空格的路径。

CP将检查您输入的路径,并确保它们在复制之前存在。在严格模式下(可通过——strict开关获得),要复制的所有文件/文件夹必须存在,否则不会进行复制。在松弛模式(——松弛)下,如果列出的项中至少有一个存在,则复制将继续。放松模式是默认模式,您可以通过开关临时更改模式,也可以通过在脚本开头设置变量easy_going永久更改模式。

下面是如何安装它:

在非根终端中,执行以下操作:

sudo echo > /usr/bin/CP; sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/CP; sudo touch /usr/bin/CP
gedit admin:///usr/bin/CP

在gedit中,粘贴CP实用程序并保存:

#!/bin/bash
#Regular cp works with the assumption that the destination path exists and if it doesn't, it will verify that it's parent directory does.


#eg: cp /a/b /c/d will give /c/d/b if folder path /c/d already exists but will give /c/d (where d is renamed copy of b) if /c/d doesn't exists but /c does.


#CP works differently, provided that d in /c/d isn't an existing file, it assumes that you're copying item into a folder path called /c/d and will create it if it doesn't exist. so CP /a/b /c/d will always give /c/d/b unless d is an existing file. If you put the --rename switch, it will assume that you're copying into /c and renaming the singl item you're copying from b to d at the destination. Again, if /c doesn't exist, it will be created. So CP --rename /a/b /c/d will give a /c/d and if there already a folder called /c/d, contents of b will be merged into d.


#cp+ $source $destination
#mkdir -p /foo/bar && cp myfile "$_"


err=0 # error count
i=0 #item counter, doesn't include destination (starts at 1, ex. item1, item2 etc)
m=0 #cp switch counter (starts at 1, switch 1, switch2, etc)
n=1 # argument counter (aka the arguments inputed into script, those include both switches and items, aka: $1 $2 $3 $4 $5)
count_s=0
count_i=0
easy_going=true #determines how you deal with bad pathes in your copy, true will allow copy to continue provided one of the items being copied exists, false will exit script for one bad path. this setting can also be changed via the custom switches: --strict and --not-strict
verbal="-v"




help="===============================================================================\
\n         CREATIVE COPY SCRIPT (CP) -- written by thebunnyrules\
\n===============================================================================\n
\n This script (CP, note capital letters) is intended to supplement \
\n your system's regular cp command (note uncapped letters). \n
\n Script's function is to check if the destination path exists \
\n before starting the copy. If it doesn't it will be created.\n
\n To make this happen, CP assumes that the item you're copying is \
\n being dropped in the destination path and is not the destination\
\n itself (aka, a renamed copy of the source file/folder). Meaning:\n
\n * \"CP /a/b /c/d\" will result in /c/d/b \
\n * even if you write \"CP /a/b /c/b\", CP will create the path /a/b, \
\n   resulting in /c/b/b. \n
\n Of course, if /c/b or /c/d are existing files and /a/b is also a\
\n file, the existing destination file will simply be overwritten. \
\n This behavior can be changed with the \"--rename\" switch. In this\
\n case, it's assumed that \"CP --rename /a/b /c/d\" is copying b into /c  \
\n and renaming the copy to d.\n
\n===============================================================================\
\n        CP specific help: Switches and their Usages \
\n===============================================================================\n
\
\n  --rename\tSee above. Ignored if copying more than one item. \n
\n  --quiet\tCP is verbose by default. This quiets it.\n
\n  --strict\tIf one+ of your files was not found, CP exits if\
\n\t\tyou use --rename switch with multiple items, CP \
\n\t\texits.\n
\n  --relaxed\tIgnores bad paths unless they're all bad but warns\
\n\t\tyou about them. Ignores in-appropriate rename switch\
\n\t\twithout exiting. This is default behavior. You can \
\n\t\tmake strict the default behavior by editing the \
\n\t\tCP script and setting: \n
\n\t\teasy_going=false.\n
\n  --help-all\tShows help specific to cp (in addition to CP)."


cp_hlp="\n\nRegular cp command's switches will still work when using CP.\
\nHere is the help out of the original cp command... \
\n\n===============================================================================\
\n          cp specific help: \
\n===============================================================================\n"


outro1="\n******************************************************************************\
\n******************************************************************************\
\n******************************************************************************\
\n        USE THIS SCRIPT WITH CARE, TYPOS WILL GIVE YOU PROBLEMS...\
\n******************************************************************************\
\n******************************* HIT q TO EXIT ********************************\
\n******************************************************************************"




#count and classify arguments that were inputed into script, output help message if needed
while true; do
eval input="\$$n"
in_=${input::1}


if [ -z "$input" -a $n = 1 ]; then input="--help"; fi


if [ "$input" = "-h" -o "$input" = "--help" -o "$input" = "-?" -o "$input" = "--help-all" ]; then
if [ "$input" = "--help-all" ]; then
echo -e "$help"$cp_hlp > /tmp/cp.hlp
cp --help >> /tmp/cp.hlp
echo -e "$outro1" >> /tmp/cp.hlp
cat /tmp/cp.hlp|less
cat /tmp/cp.hlp
rm /tmp/cp.hlp
else
echo -e "$help" "$outro1"|less
echo -e "$help" "$outro1"
fi
exit
fi


if [ -z "$input" ]; then
count_i=$(expr $count_i - 1 ) # remember, last item is destination and it's not included in cound
break
elif [ "$in_" = "-" ]; then
count_s=$(expr $count_s + 1 )
else
count_i=$(expr $count_i + 1 )
fi
n=$(expr $n + 1)
done


#error condition: no items to copy or no destination
if [ $count_i -lt 0 ]; then
echo "Error: You haven't listed any items for copying. Exiting." # you didn't put any items for copying
elif [ $count_i -lt 1 ]; then
echo "Error: Copying usually involves a destination. Exiting." # you put one item and no destination
fi


#reset the counter and grab content of arguments, aka: switches and item paths
n=1
while true; do
eval input="\$$n" #input=$1,$2,$3,etc...
in_=${input::1} #first letter of $input


if [ "$in_" = "-" ]; then
if [ "$input" = "--rename" ]; then
rename=true #my custom switches
elif [ "$input" = "--strict" ]; then
easy_going=false #exit script if even one of the non-destinations item is not found
elif [ "$input" = "--relaxed" ]; then
easy_going=true #continue script if at least one of the non-destination items is found
elif [ "$input" = "--quiet" ]; then
verbal=""
else
#m=$(expr $m + 1);eval switch$m="$input" #input is a switch, if it's not one of the above, assume it belongs to cp.
switch_list="$switch_list \"$input\""
fi
elif ! [ -z "$input" ]; then #if it's not a switch and input is not empty, it's a path
i=$(expr $i + 1)
if [ ! -f "$input" -a ! -d "$input" -a "$i" -le "$count_i" ]; then
err=$(expr $err + 1 ); error_list="$error_list\npath does not exit: \"b\""
else
if [ "$i" -le "$count_i" ]; then
eval item$i="$input"
item_list="$item_list \"$input\""
else
destination="$input" #destination is last items entered
fi
fi
else
i=0
m=0
n=1
break
fi
n=$(expr $n + 1)
done


#error condition: some or all item(s) being copied don't exist. easy_going: continue if at least one item exists, warn about rest, not easy_going: exit.
#echo "err=$err count_i=$count_i"
if [ "$easy_going" != true -a $err -gt 0 -a $err != $count_i ]; then
echo "Some of the paths you entered are incorrect. Script is running in strict mode and will therefore exit."
echo -e "Bad Paths: $err $error_list"
exit
fi


if [ $err = $count_i ]; then
echo "ALL THE PATHS you have entered are incorrect! Exiting."
echo -e "Bad Paths: $err $error_list"
fi


#one item to one destination:
#------------------------------
#assumes that destination is folder, it does't exist, it will create it. (so copying /a/b/c/d/firefox to /e/f/firefox will result in /e/f/firefox/firefox
#if -rename switch is given, will assume that the top element of destination path is the new name for the the item being given.


#multi-item to single destination:
#------------------------------
#assumes destination is a folder, gives error if it exists and it's a file. -rename switch will be ignored.


#ERROR CONDITIONS:
# - multiple items being sent to a destination and it's a file.
# - if -rename switch was given and multiple items are being copied, rename switch will be ignored (easy_going). if not easy_going, exit.
# - rename option but source is folder, destination is file, exit.
# - rename option but source is file and destination is folder. easy_going: option ignored.


if [ -f "$destination" ]; then
if [ $count_i -gt 1 ]; then
echo "Error: You've selected a single file as a destination and are copying multiple items to it. Exiting."; exit
elif [ -d "$item1" ]; then
echo "Error: Your destination is a file but your source is a folder. Exiting."; exit
fi
fi
if [ "$rename" = true ]; then
if [ $count_i -gt 1 ]; then
if [ $easy_going = true ]; then
echo "Warning: you choose the rename option but are copying multiple items. Ignoring Rename option. Continuing."
else
echo "Error: you choose the rename option but are copying multiple items. Script running in strict mode. Exiting."; exit
fi
elif [ -d "$destination" -a -f "$item1" ]; then
echo -n "Warning: you choose the rename option but source is a file and destination is a folder with the same name. "
if [ $easy_going = true ]; then
echo "Ignoring Rename option. Continuing."
else
echo "Script running in strict mode. Exiting."; exit
fi
else
dest_jr=$(dirname "$destination")
if [ -d "$destination" ]; then item_list="$item1/*";fi
mkdir -p "$dest_jr"
fi
else
mkdir -p "$destination"
fi


eval cp $switch_list $verbal $item_list "$destination"


cp_err="$?"
if [ "$cp_err" != 0 ]; then
echo -e "Something went wrong with the copy operation. \nExit Status: $cp_err"
else
echo "Copy operation exited with no errors."
fi


exit
只是恢复并给出一个完整的工作解决方案,在一行中。 如果您想要重命名文件,请注意,您应该包括一种方法来提供到mkdir的干净dir路径。$fdst可以是file或dir。

fsrc=/tmp/myfile.unk
fdst=/tmp/dir1/dir2/dir3/myfile.txt
mkdir -p $(dirname ${fdst}) && cp -p ${fsrc} ${fdst}

或者特定于bash

fsrc=/tmp/myfile.unk
fdst=/tmp/dir1/dir2/dir3/myfile.txt
mkdir -p ${fdst%/*} && cp -p ${fsrc} ${fdst}

我也有同样的问题。我的方法是把这些文件压缩成一个存档,就像这样:

# EYZ0

Tar自动将文件存储在归档文件中的适当结构中。如果你跑了

# EYZ0

文件被提取到所需的目录结构中。

简单的

cp -a * /path/to/dst/

应该能行。

正如上面help_asap和sponge所建议的,你可以使用'install'命令将文件复制到现有目录中,或者如果目标目录不存在,则创建新的目标目录。

< p >选项1 # EYZ0
将文件复制到新的或现有目录,并赋予文件名默认的755权限

< p >选项2 # EYZ0

3 < p >选项 # EYZ0
根据选项2,但将文件名目标到目标目录,因此文件名不需要同时写入源和目标 < p >选项4 # EYZ0

.

.

.

它在Ubuntu中工作得很好,将两个步骤(创建目录和复制文件)合并为一个步骤。

虽然已经很晚了,但对新手还是有帮助的。如果你需要汽车创建文件夹,rsync应该是你最好的朋友。

rsync /path/to/sourcefile /path/to/tragetdir/thatdoestexist/

我强烈建议ditto。 只是作品。< / p >

# EYZ0

您可以使用findPerl。命令如下所示:

find file | perl -lne '$t = "/path/to/copy/file/to/is/very/deep/there/"; /^(.+)\/.+$/; `mkdir -p $t$1` unless(-d "$t$1"); `cp $_ $t$_` unless(-f "$t$_");'

如果目录$t不存在,该命令将创建该目录。然后将file复制到$t中,除非file存在于$t中。

这适用于MacOS上的GNU /bin/bash版本3.2(在Catalina和Big Sur上都进行了测试)

cp -Rv <existing-source-folder>/   <non-existing-2becreated-destination-folder>

“v"选项表示详细。

我想到了"- "选项为“递归”。

人类对-R的完整描述是:

如果source_file指定了一个目录,cp将复制该目录和该点连接的整个子树。如果source_file以/结尾,则复制目录的内容而不是目录本身。该选项还会导致符号链接被复制,而不是间接通过,并让cp创建特殊文件,而不是将它们作为普通文件复制。创建的目录与相应的源目录具有相同的模式,未被进程的umask修改。

在-R模式下,即使检测到错误,cp也会继续复制。

注意,cp将硬链接的文件复制为单独的文件。如果需要保留硬链接,可以考虑使用tar(1)、cpio(1)或pax(1)。

在下面的例子中,我使用"/"在existingfolder的末尾,它将existingfolder的所有内容(而不是文件夹本身)复制到newfolder:

cp -Rv existingfolder/  newfolder

试一试。

仅适用于macOS

rsync -R <source file path> destination_folder

对于macOS——父母选项cp不起作用

简单地没有创建脚本和简单的命令…

mkdir -p /destination-folder/ && cp file-name /destination-folder/

Oneliner创建一个小脚本,可以用作子命令,例如在find中:

# EYZ0

然后你可以这样使用它:

# EYZ0

许多其他解决方案都不能用于需要转义的文件或文件夹。下面是一个解决方案,它适用于文件和文件夹,并转义空格和其他特殊字符。测试在一个繁忙箱灰壳,没有访问一些花哨的选项。

export file="annoying folder/bar.txt"
export new_parent="/tmp/"


# Creates /tmp/annoying folder/
mkdir -p "$(dirname "$new_folder/$file")"


# Copies file to /tmp/annoying folder/bar.txt
cp -r "$file" "$new_folder/$file"

如果您需要整个文件夹的递归副本而省略了bar.txt,这也可以工作。