存放密钥的地方 DJANGO

See the Django deployment docs for a discussion on this.

There's quite a few options for production. The way I do it is by setting my sensitive data variables as environmental variables on the production environments. Then I retrieve the variables in the settings.py via os.environ like so:

import os
SECRET_KEY = os.environ['SECRET_KEY']

Another possible option is to copy in the secret.py file via your deploy script.

I'm sure there are also other specific options for different web servers.

You should store your settings in a modular way. By that I mean to spread your settings across multiple files.

For example, you can have base_settings.py to store all your base settings; dev_settings.py for your development server settings; and finally prod_base_settings.py for all production settings. All non-base settings files will import all the base settings and then only change whatever is necessary:

# base_settings.py
...


# dev_settings.py
from base_settings import *
DEBUG = TRUE
...


# prod_base_settings.py
from base_settings import *
DEBUG = FALSE
...

This approach allows you to have different settings from different setups. You can also commit all these files except then on the production server you can create the actual production settings file prod_settings.py where you will specify all the sensitive settings. This file should not be committed anywhere and its content kept secure:

# prod_settings.py
from prod_base_settings import *
SECRET_KEY = 'foo'

As for the file names you can use whatever filenames you feel are appropriate. Personally I actually create a Python package for the settings and then keep the various settings inside the package:

project/
project/
settings/
__init__.py
base.py
dev.py
...
app1/
models.py
...
app2/
models.py
...

Instead of if/then logic you should use a tool designed for factoring out sensitive data. I use YamJam https://pypi.python.org/pypi/yamjam/ . It allows all the advantages of the os.environ method but is simpler -- you still have to set those environ variables, you'll need to put them in a script somewhere. YamJam stores these config settings in a machine config store and also allows a project by project ability to override.

from YamJam import yamjam


variable = yamjam()['myproject']['variable']

Is the basic usage. And like the os.environ method, it is not framework specific, you can use it with Django or any other app/framework. I've tried them all, multiple settings.py files, brittle logic of if/then and environment wrangling. In the end, I switched to yamjam and haven't regretted it.

I know it has been a long time, but I just opensourced a small Django app I am using to generate a new secret key if it does not exist yet. It is called django-generate-secret-key.

pip install django-generate-secret-key

Then, when provisioning / deploying a new server running my Django project, I run the following command (from Ansible):

python manage.py generate_secret_key

It simply:

• checks if a secret key needs to be generated
• generates it in a secretkey.txt file (can be customized)

All you need then is to have in your settings file:

with open('/path/to/the/secretkey.txt') as f:
SECRET_KEY = f.read().strip()

You can now benefit from a fully automated provisioning process without having to store a static secret key in your repository.

I wanted to add a new answer because, as a beginner, the previous accepted answer didn't make a lot of sense to me (it was only one part of the puzzle).

So here's how I store my keys both LOCALLY and in PRODUCTION (Heroku, and others).

Note: You really only have to do this if you plan on putting your project online. If it's just a local project, no need.

I also made a video tutorial for people who prefer that format.

1) Install python-dotenv to create a local project environment to store your secret key.

pip install python-dotenv

2) Create a .env file in your base directory (where manage.py is).

YourDjangoProject
├───project
│   ├───__init__.py
│   ├───asgi.py
│   ├───settings.py
│   ├───urls.py
│   └───wsgi.py
├───.env
├───manage.py
└───db.sqlite3

If you have a Heroku project, it should look something like this:

YourDjangoProject
├───.git
├───project
│   ├───__init__.py
│   ├───asgi.py
│   ├───settings.py
│   ├───urls.py
│   └───wsgi.py
├───venv
├───.env
├───.gitignore
├───manage.py
├───Procfile
├───requirements.txt
└───runtime.txt

3) Add .env to your .gitignore file.

echo .env > .gitignore  # Or just open your .gitignore and type in .env

This is how you keep your secret key more secure because you don't upload your .env file to git or heroku (or wherever else).

4) Add your SECRET_KEY from your settings.py file into the .env file like so (without quotes)

**Inside of your .env file**
SECRET_KEY=qolwvjicds5p53gvod1pyrz*%2uykjw&a^&c4moab!w=&16ou7 # <- Example key, SECRET_KEY=yoursecretkey

5) Inside of your settings.py file, add the following settings:

import os
import dotenv # <- New


# Add .env variables anywhere before SECRET_KEY
dotenv_file = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ".env")
if os.path.isfile(dotenv_file):
dotenv.load_dotenv(dotenv_file)


# UPDATE secret key
SECRET_KEY = os.environ['SECRET_KEY'] # Instead of your actual secret key

or, thanks to @Ashkay Chandran's answer:

from dotenv import load_dotenv, find_dotenv


load_dotenv(find_dotenv())


SECRET_KEY = os.environ['SECRET_KEY']

And now your secret key is successfully stored locally.

Update: I found out you can also use the config method from the package python-decouple that seems to be a bit easier:

from decouple import config


SECRET_KEY = config('SECRET_KEY')

Now you don't need to import os or use dotenv because it takes care of those parts for you AND will still use the .env file. I started using this in all of my projects.

6) Add the SECRET_KEY environment variable on your host (such as Heroku).

I work mostly with Heroku sites, so if you're wanting to use Heroku for a Django project, this part is for you.

This assumes that you already have a Heroku project setup and have Heroku CLI downloaded on your computer.

You have 2 options:

1. From Command Line / Terminal, you can enter the following command in your project's directory:

heroku config:set SECRET_KEY=yoursecretkey # Again, no quotes.

2. You can go to your Heroku dashboard, click on your app, go to your apps settings, and see the "Config Vars" section and click "Reveal Vars" or "Add Vars" and add your SECRET_KEY there.

Then, when you push your project to Heroku through git, it should be working properly without any issue.

and that's it! 🙂

This answer was targeted towards total beginners / intermediates to hopefully cut through any confusion (because it was definitely confusing for me).

Hope this helps!

Happy coding.

Storing secrets in the environment still places them in the environment; which can be exploited if an unauthorized user gains access to the environment. It is a trivial effort to list environment variables, and naming one SECRET makes is all the more helpful and obvious to a bad actor an unwanted user.

Yet secrets are necessary in production, so how to access them while minimizing attack surface? Encrypt each secret in a file with a tool like git-secret, then allow authorized users to read in the file, as mentioned in django's docs. Then "tell" a non-root user the secret so it can be read-in during initialization.

(Alternatively, one could also use Hashicorp's Vault, and access the secrets stored in Vault via the HVAC python module.)

Once this non-root user is told, something like this is easy:

# Remember that './secret_key.txt' is encrypted until it's needed, and only read by a non-root user
with open('./secret_key.txt') as f:
SECRET_KEY = f.read().strip()

This isn't perfect, and, yes, an attacker could enumerate variables and access it -- but it's very difficult to do so during run-time, and Django does a good job of protecting its keys from such a threat vector.

This is a much safer approach than storing secrets in the environment.

I am surprised that noone has talked about django-environ. I usually create a .env file like this:

SECRET_KEY=blabla
OTHER_SECRET=blabla

This file should be added in .gitignore

You can checkin in git, an example file named .env.example just for others to know which env var they need. The content of .env.example file will look like this (just keys without any values)

SECRET_KEY=
OTHER_SECRETS=

Adding to zack-plauch's answer, To get the path to the .env file, when using python-dotenv module, the find_dotenv method can be used,

from dotenv import load_dotenv, find_dotenv


load_dotenv(find_dotenv())


SECRET_KEY = os.environ['SECRET_KEY']

The find_dotenv() looks for a ".env" file in the path, so it can be saved inside the same directory too,

Also, if a name is used for the .env file like "django-config.env", load_dotenv(find_dotenv("django-config.env"), will fetch and load that to host-machine environment variable mappings.

django debug output will expose passwords stored in environment variables.

Where to store SECRET_KEY DJANGO

Store your django SECRET_KEY in an environmental variable or separate file, instead of directly encoding In your configuration module settings.py

settings.py

#from an environment variable
import os


SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('SECRET_KEY')


#from an file
with open('/etc/secret_key.txt') as f:
SECRET_KEY = f.read().strip()

How to generate Django SECRET_KEY manually:

$ python -c "from django.core.management.utils import get_random_secret_key; print(get_random_secret_key())"

7^t+3on^bca+t7@)w%2pedaf0m&$_gnne#^s4zk3a%4uu5ly86

import string
import secrets


c = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + string.punctuation


secret_key = ''.join(secrets.choice(c) for i in range(67))


print(secret_key)

df&)ok{ZL^6Up$\y2*">LqHx:D,_f_of#P,~}n&\zs*:y{OTU4CueQNrMz1UH*mhocD

Make sure the key used in production is not used elsewhere and avoid sending it to source control.