是否有其他常见的“ c 样”或非“ c 样”语言具有非零索引数组位置？

C 编程语言被称为零索引数组语言。可以使用 0访问数组中的第一个项。例如 double arr[2] = {1.5,2.5}数组 arr中的第一个项位于0。基于1的索引是什么编程语言？

我听说这些语言的数组访问从1开始，而不是0: Algol，Matlab，Action！帕斯卡，Fortran，科博。完成了吗？

具体来说，以1为基础的数组将访问具有1而不是0的第一个项。

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Lua - disappointingly

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There is also Smalltalk

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ColdFusion - even though it is Java under the hood

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最佳答案

A list can be found on wikipedia.

ALGOL 68
APL
AWK
CFML
COBOL
Fortran
FoxPro
Julia
Lua
Mathematica
MATLAB
PL/I
Ring
RPG
Sass
Smalltalk
Wolfram Language
XPath/XQuery
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A pretty big list of languages is on Wikipedia under Comparison of Programming Languages (array) under "Array system cross-reference list" table (Default base index column)

This has a good discussion of 1- vs. 0- indexed and subscriptions in general

To quote from the blog:

EWD831 by E.W. Dijkstra, 1982.

When dealing with a sequence of length N, the elements of which we wish to distinguish by subscript, the next vexing question is what subscript value to assign to its starting element. Adhering to convention a) yields, when starting with subscript 1, the subscript range 1 ≤ i < N+1; starting with 0, however, gives the nicer range 0 ≤ i < N. So let us let our ordinals start at zero: an element's ordinal (subscript) equals the number of elements preceding it in the sequence. And the moral of the story is that we had better regard —after all those centuries!— zero as a most natural number.

Remark:: Many programming languages have been designed without due attention to this detail. In FORTRAN subscripts always start at 1; in ALGOL 60 and in PASCAL, convention c) has been adopted; the more recent SASL has fallen back on the FORTRAN convention: a sequence in SASL is at the same time a function on the positive integers. Pity! (End of Remark.)

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Ada and Pascal.

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Visual FoxPro, FoxPro and Clipper all use arrays where element 1 is the first element of an array... I assume that is what you mean by 1-indexed.

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FoxPro used arrays starting at index 1.

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dBASE used arrays starting at index 1.

Arrays (Beginning) in dBASE

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I see that the knowledge of fortran here is still on the '66 version.

Fortran has variable both the lower and the upper bounds of an array.

Meaning, if you declare an array like:

real, dimension (90) :: x

then 1 will be the lower bound (by default).

If you declare it like

real, dimension(0,89) :: x

then however, it will have a lower bound of 0.

If on the other hand you declare it like

real, allocatable :: x(:,:)

then you can allocate it to whatever you like. For example

allocate(x(0:np,0:np))

means the array will have the elements

x(0, 0), x(0, 1), x(0, 2 .... np)
x(1, 0), x(1, 1), ...
.
.
.
x(np, 0) ...

There are also some more interesting combinations possible:

real, dimension(:, :, 0:) :: d
real, dimension(9, 0:99, -99:99) :: iii

which are left as homework for the interested reader :)

These are just the ones I remembered off the top of my head. Since one of fortran's main strengths are array handling capabilities, it is clear that there are lot of other in&outs not mentioned here.

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Although C is by design 0 indexed, it is possible to arrange for an array in C to be accessed as if it were 1 (or any other value) indexed. Not something you would expect a normal C coder to do often, but it sometimes helps.

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
int zero_based[10];
int* one_based;
int i;
one_based=zero_based-1;


for (i=1;i<=10;i++) one_based[i]=i;
for(i=10;i>=1;i--) printf("one_based[%d] = %d\n", i, one_based[i]);
return 0;
}
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Nobody mentioned XPath.

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RPG, including modern RPGLE

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Found one - Lua (programming language)

Check Arrays section which says -

"Lua arrays are 1-based: the first index is 1 rather than 0 as it is for many other programming languages (though an explicit index of 0 is allowed)"

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VB Classic, at least through

Option Base 1
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Fortran, Matlab, Pascal, Algol, Smalltalk, and many many others.

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Fortran starts at 1. I know that because my Dad used to program Fortran before I was born (I am 33 now) and he really criticizes modern programming languages for starting at 0, saying it's unnatural, not how humans think, unlike maths, and so on.

However, I find things starting at 0 quite natural; my first real programming language was C and *(ptr+n) wouldn't have worked so nicely if n hadn't started at zero!

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JDBC (not a language, but an API)

String x = resultSet.getString(1);  // the first column
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You can do it in Perl

$[ = 1;  # set the base array index to 1

You can also make it start with 42 if you feel like that. This also affects string indexes.

Actually using this feature is highly discouraged.

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Erlang's tuples and lists index starting at 1.

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Strings in Delphi start at 1.

(Static arrays must have lower bound specified explicitly. Dynamic arrays always start at 0.)

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PL/SQL. An upshot of this is when using languages that start from 0 and interacting with Oracle you need to handle the 0-1 conversions yourself for array access by index. In practice if you use a construct like foreach over rows or access columns by name, it's not much of an issue, but you might want the leftmost column, for example, which will be column 1.

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Mathematica and Maxima, besides other languages already mentioned.

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Also in Ada you can define your array indices as required:

A : array(-5..5) of Integer;       -- defines an array with 11 elements
B : array(-1..1, -1..1) of Float;  -- defines a 3x3 matrix

Someone might argue that user-defined array index ranges will lead to maintenance problems. However, it is normal to write Ada code in a way which does not depend on the array indices. For this purpose, the language provides element attributes, which are automatically defined for all defined types:

A'first   -- this has the value -5
A'last    -- this has the value +5
A'range   -- returns the range -5..+5 which can be used e.g. in for loops
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Indexes start at one in CFML.

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informix, besides other languages already mentioned.

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The entire Wirthian line of languages including Pascal, Object Pascal, Modula-2, Modula-3, Oberon, Oberon-2 and Ada (plus a few others I've probably overlooked) allow arrays to be indexed from whatever point you like including, obviously, 1.

Erlang indexes tuples and arrays from 1.

I think—but am no longer positive—that Algol and PL/1 both index from 1. I'm also pretty sure that Cobol indexes from 1.

Basically most high level programming languages before C indexed from 1 (with assembly languages being a notable exception for obvious reasons – and the reason C indexes from 0) and many languages from outside of the C-dominated hegemony still do so to this day.

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Basic - not just VB, but all the old 1980s era line numbered versions.

Richard


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