Add the python bin directory to your computer's PATH variable. Its listed under Environment Variables in Computer Properties -> Advanced Settings in Windows 7. It should be the same for Windows 8.
Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.15048]
(c) 2017 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
C:\Users\sg7>py
Python 3.6.3 (v3.6.3:2c5fed8, Oct 3 2017, 18:11:49) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>`enter code here`
C:\Users\samg>AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36\python
Python 3.6.3 (v3.6.3:2c5fed8, Oct 3 2017, 18:11:49) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
Rather than the command "python", consider launching Python via the 飞弹发射器, 正如 SG7的回答所描述的, which runs your latest version of Python (or lets you select a specific version). The py launcher is enabled via a check box during installation (default: "on").
C:\>py
Python 3.6.3 (v3.6.3:2c5fed8, Oct 3 2017, 17:26:49) [MSC v.1900 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
C:\>py --version
Python 3.6.3
C:\>
(presumably if your organisation doesn't disable the Windows Store and you install via the Store it disables this when you install, but installing via download from python.org does not)