Linuxshell 支持列表数据结构吗？

For make a list, simply do that

colors=(red orange white "light gray")

Technically is an array, but - of course - it has all list features.
Even python list are implemented with array

It supports lists, but not as a separate data structure (ignoring arrays for the moment).

The for loop iterates over a list (in the generic sense) of white-space separated values, regardless of how that list is created, whether literally:

for i in 1 2 3; do
echo "$i"
done

or via parameter expansion:

listVar="1 2 3"
for i in $listVar; do
echo "$i"
done

or command substitution:

for i in $(echo 1; echo 2; echo 3); do
echo "$i"
done

An array is just a special parameter which can contain a more structured list of value, where each element can itself contain whitespace. Compare the difference:

array=("item 1" "item 2" "item 3")
for i in "${array[@]}"; do   # The quotes are necessary here
echo "$i"
done


list='"item 1" "item 2" "item 3"'
for i in $list; do
echo $i
done
for i in "$list"; do
echo $i
done
for i in ${array[@]}; do
echo $i
done