如何将 ASP.NET 应用程序部署到活动服务器上？

我正在寻找不同的技术/工具，你用来部署一个 ASP.NET 网络应用程序项目(没有 ASP.NET 网站)到生产？

我对持续集成构建服务器在某个位置删除二进制文件和第一个用户请求命中这些二进制文件之间发生的工作流特别感兴趣。

  1. 您是在使用某些特定的工具还是仅仅使用 XCOPY? 应用程序是如何打包的(ZIP，MSI，...) ？

  2. 当第一次部署应用程序时，如何设置应用程序池和虚拟目录(是手动创建还是使用某种工具创建) ？

  3. 当静态资源发生变化(CSS、 JS 或图像文件)时，是重新部署整个应用程序，还是仅重新部署修改后的资源？汇编/ASPX 页面更改时如何？

  4. 您是否跟踪给定应用程序的所有部署版本，并且在出现问题时，是否有将应用程序恢复到以前已知工作状态的过程？

请随意完成前面的列表。

下面是我们用来部署 ASP.NET 应用程序的方法:

  1. 我们将 Web 部署项目添加到解决方案中，并将其设置为构建 ASP.NET Web 应用程序
  2. 我们将安装项目(没有 Web 安装项目)添加到解决方案中，并将其设置为获取 Web 部署项目的输出
  3. 我们添加一个自定义安装操作，并在 OnInstall 事件中运行一个自定义构建。NET 程序集，该程序集使用 System.DirectoryServices在 IIS 中创建应用程序池和虚拟目录(此任务仅在部署应用程序时执行)。我们支持 IIS 中的多个网站，虚拟目录的身份验证和应用程序池的身份设置。
  4. 我们在 TFS 中添加一个自定义任务来构建安装项目(TFS 不支持安装项目，因此我们必须使用 devenv.exe 来构建 MSI)
  5. MSI 安装在活动服务器上(如果存在以前版本的 MSI，则首先卸载它)
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web setup/install projects - so you can easily uninstall it if something goes wrong

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最佳答案

We have all of our code deployed in MSIs using Setup Factory. If something has to change we redeploy the entire solution. This sounds like overkill for a css file, but it absolutely keeps all environments in sync, and we know exactly what is in production (we deploy to all test and uat environments the same way).

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Back in 2009, where this answer hails from, we used CruiseControl.net for our Continuous Integration builds, which also outputted Release Media.

From there we used Smart Sync software to compare against a production server that was out of the load balanced pool, and moved the changes up.

Finally, after validating the release, we ran a DOS script that primarily used RoboCopy to sync the code over to the live servers, stopping/starting IIS as it went.

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Simple XCopy for ASP.NET. Zip it up, sftp to the server, extract into the right location. For the first deployment, manual set up of IIS

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We do rolling deployment to the live servers, so we don't use installer projects; we have something more like CI:

  • "live" build-server builds from the approved source (not the "HEAD" of the repo)
  • (after it has taken a backup ;-p)
  • robocopy publishes to a staging server ("live", but not in the F5 cluster)
  • final validation done on the staging server, often with "hosts" hacks to emulate the entire thing as closely as possible
  • robocopy /L is used automatically to distribute a list of the changes in the next "push", to alert of any goofs
  • as part of a scheduled process, the cluster is cycled, deploying to the nodes in the cluster via robocopy (while they are out of the cluster)

robocopy automatically ensures that only changes are deployed.

Re the App Pool etc; I would love this to be automated (see this question), but at the moment it is manual. I really want to change that, though.

(it probably helps that we have our own data-centre and server-farm "on-site", so we don't have to cross many hurdles)

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Answering your questions:

  1. XCopy
  2. Manually
  3. For static resources, we only deploy the changed resource.
    For DLL's we deploy the changed DLL and ASPX pages.
  4. Yes, and yes.

Keeping it nice and simple has saved us alot of headaches so far.

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I deploy mostly ASP.NET apps to Linux servers and redeploy everything for even the smallest change. Here is my standard workflow:

  • I use a source code repository (like Subversion)
  • On the server, I have a bash script that does the following:
    • Checks out the latest code
    • Does a build (creates the DLLs)
    • Filters the files down to the essentials (removes code files for example)
    • Backs up the database
    • Deploys the files to the web server in a directory named with the current date
    • Updates the database if a new schema is included in the deployment
    • Makes the new installation the default one so it will be served with the next hit

Checkout is done with the command-line version of Subversion and building is done with xbuild (msbuild work-alike from the Mono project). Most of the magic is done in ReleaseIt.

On my dev server I essentially have continuous integration but on the production side I actually SSH into the server and initiate the deployment manually by running the script. My script is cleverly called 'deploy' so that is what I type at the bash prompt. I am very creative. Not.

In production, I have to type 'deploy' twice: once to check-out, build, and deploy to a dated directory and once to make that directory the default instance. Since the directories are dated, I can revert to any previous deployment simply by typing 'deploy' from within the relevant directory.

Initial deployment takes a couple of minutes and reversion to a prior version takes a few seconds.

It has been a nice solution for me and relies only on the three command-line utilities (svn, xbuild, and releaseit), the DB client, SSH, and Bash.

I really need to update the copy of ReleaseIt on CodePlex sometime:

http://releaseit.codeplex.com/

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Website

Deployer: http://www.codeproject.com/KB/install/deployer.aspx

I publish website to a local folder, zip it, then upload it over FTP. Deployer on server then extracts zip, replaces config values (in Web.Config and other files), and that's it.

Of course for first run you need to connect to the server and setup IIS WebSite, database, but after that publishing updates is piece of cake.

Database

For keeping databases in sync I use http://www.red-gate.com/products/sql-development/sql-compare/

If server is behind bunch of routers and you can't directly connect (which is requirement of SQL Compare), use https://secure.logmein.com/products/hamachi2/ to create VPN.

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Unfold is a capistrano-like deployment solution I wrote for .net applications. It is what we use on all of our projects and it's a very flexible solution. It solves most of the typical problems for .net applications as explained in this blog post by Rob Conery.

  • it comes with a good "default" behavior, in the sense that it does a lot of standard stuff for you: getting the code from source control, building, creating the application pool, setting up IIS, etc
  • releases based on what's in source control
  • it has task hooks, so the default behaviour can be easily extended or altered
  • it has rollback
  • it's all powershell, so there aren't any external dependencies
  • it uses powershell remoting to access remote machines

Here's an introduction and some other blog posts.

So to answer the questions above:

  • How is the application packaged (ZIP, MSI, ...)?

    Git (or another scm) is the default way to get the application on the target machine. Alternatively you can perform a local build and copy the result over the Powereshell remoting connection

  • When an application is deployed for the first time how do you setup the App Pool and Virtual Directory (do you create them manually or with some tool)?

    Unfold configures the application pool and website application using Powershell's WebAdministration Module. It allows us (and you) to modify any aspect of the application pool or website

  • When a static resource changes (CSS, JS or image file) do you redeploy the whole application or only the modified resource? How about when an assembly/ASPX page changes?

    Yes unfold does this, any deploy is installed next to the others. That way we can easily rollback when somehting goes wrong. It also allows us to easily trace back a deployed version to a source control revision.

  • Do you keep track of all deployed versions for a given application?

    Yes, unfold keeps old versions around. Not all versions, but a number of versions. It makes rolling back almost trivial.

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Are you using some specific tools or just XCOPY? How is the application packaged (ZIP, MSI, ...)?

As a developer for BuildMaster, this is naturally what I use. All applications are built and packaged within the tool as artifacts, which are stored internally as ZIP files.

When an application is deployed for the first time how do you setup the App Pool and Virtual Directory (do you create them manually or with some tool)?

Manually - we create a change control within the tool that reminds us the exact steps to perform in future environments as the application moves through its testing environments. This could also be automated with a simple PowerShell script, but we do not add new applications very often so it's just as easy to spend the 1 minute it takes to create the site manually.

When a static resource changes (CSS, JS or image file) do you redeploy the whole application or only the modified resource? How about when an assembly/ASPX page changes?

By default, the process of deploying artifacts is set-up such that only files that are modified are transferred to the target server - this includes everything from CSS files, JavaScript files, ASPX pages, and linked assemblies.

Do you keep track of all deployed versions for a given application and in case something goes wrong do you have procedures of restoring the application to a previous known working state?

Yes, BuildMaster handles all of this for us. Restoring is mostly as simple as re-executing an old build promotion, but sometimes database changes need to be manually restored, and data loss can occur. The basic rollback process is detailed here: http://inedo.com/support/tutorials/performing-a-deployment-rollback-with-buildmaster

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At the last company I worked for we used to deploy using an rSync batch file to upload only the changes since the last upload. The beauty of rSync is that you can add exclude lists to exclude specific files or filename patterns. So excluding all of our .cs files, solution and project files is really easy, for instance.

We were using TortoiseSVN for version control, and so it was nice to be able to write in several SVN commands to accomplish the following:

  • First off, check the user has the latest revision. If not, either prompt them to update or run the update right there and then.
  • Download a text file from the server called "synclog.txt" that details who the SVN user is, what revision number they are uploading and the date and time of the upload. Append a new line for the current upload and then send it back to the server along with the changed files. This makes it extremely easy to find out what version of the site to roll back to on the off chance that an upload causes problems.

In addition to this there is a second batch file that just checks for file differences on the live server. This can highlight the common problem where someone would upload but not commit their changes to SVN. Combined with the sync log mentioned above we could find out who the likely culprit was and ask them to commit their work.

And lastly, rSync allows you to take a backup of the files that were replaced during the upload. We had it move them into a backup folder So if you suddenly realised that some of the files should not have been overwritten, you can find the last backup up version of every file in that folder.

While the solution felt a little clunky at the time I have since come to appreciate it a whole lot more when working in environments where the upload method is a lot less elegant or easy (remote desktop, copy and paste the entire site, for instance).

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We've been improving our release process for the past year and now we've got it down pat. I'm using Jenkins to manage all of our automated builds and releases, but I'm sure you could use TeamCity or CruiseControl.

So upon checkin, our "normal" build does the following:

  • Jenkins does a SVN update to fetch the latest version of the code
  • A NuGet package restore is done running against our own local NuGet repository
  • The application is compiled using MsBuild. Setting this up is an adventure, because you need to install the correct MsBuild and then the ASP.NET and MVC dll's on your build box. (As a side note, when I had <MvcBuildViews>true</MvcBuildViews> entered in my .csproj files to compile the views, msbuild was randomly crashing, so I had to disable it)
  • Once the code is compiled the unit tests are run (I'm using nunit for this, but you can use anything you want)
  • If all the unit tests pass, I stop the IIS app pool, deploy the app locally (just a few basic XCOPY commands to copy over the necessary files) and then restart IIS (I've had problems with IIS locking files, and this solved it)
  • I have separate web.config files for each environment; dev, uat, prod. (I tried using the web transformation stuff with little success). So the right web.config file is also copied across
  • I then use PhantomJS to execute a bunch of UI tests. It also takes a bunch of screenshots at different resolutions (mobile, desktop) and stamps each screenshot with some information (page title, resolution). Jenkins has great support for handling these screenshots and they are saved as part of the build
  • Once the integration UI tests pass the build is successful

If someone clicks "Deploy to UAT":

  • If the last build was successful, Jenkins does another SVN update
  • The application is compiled using a RELEASE configuration
  • A "www" directory is created and the application is copied into it
  • I then use winscp to synchronise the filesystem between the build box and UAT
  • I send a HTTP request to the UAT server and make sure I get back a 200
  • This revision is tagged in SVN as UAT-datetime
  • If we've got this far, build is successful!

When we click "Deploy to Prod":

  • The user selects a UAT Tag that was previously created
  • The tag is "switched" to
  • Code is compiled and synced with Prod server
  • Http request to Prod server
  • This revision is tagged in SVN as Prod-datetime
  • The release is zipped and stored

All up a full build to production takes about 30 secs which I'm very, very happy with.

Upsides to this solution:

  • It's fast
  • Unit tests should catch logic errors
  • When a UI bug gets into production, the screenshots will hopefully show what revision # caused the it
  • UAT and Prod are kept in sync
  • Jenkins shows you a great release history to UAT and Prod with all of the commit messages
  • UAT and Prod releases are all tagged automatically
  • You can see when releases happen and who did them

The main downsides to this solution are:

  • Whenever you do a release to Prod you need to do a release to UAT. This was a conscious decision we made because we wanted to always ensure that UAT is always up to date with Prod. Still, it's a pain.
  • There's quite a few configuration files floating around. I've attempted to have it all in Jenkins, but there's a few support batch files needed as part of the process. (These are also checked in).
  • DB upgrade and downgrade scripts are part of the app and run at app startup. It works (mostly), but it's a pain.

I'd love to hear any other possible improvements!

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I'd recommend NOT just overwriting existing application files but instead create a directory per version and repointing the IIS application to the new path. This has several benefits:

  • Quick to revert if needed
  • No need to stop IIS or the app pool to avoid locking issues
  • No risk of old files causing problems
  • More or less zero downtime (usually just a pause at the new appdomain initialises)

The only issue we've had is resources being cached if you don't restart the app pool and rely on the automatic appdomain switch.


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